Technology caused the problem of false news, and it’s easy to think that technology can solve it and that we only need to find the right technology to solve the problem. But this approach ignores valuable lessons concerned with how we acquire knowledge.
To understand how false news comes, start with an example. Imagine you’re out for drinks when one of your friends shocks the table with an unproven story about a local famous people. The story is so shocking you’re not sure it could be right. But then, here’s your good friend, putting their reputation on the line. Maybe you should believe it.
This is an instance of what philosophers call testimony (证词). It’s similar to the sort of testimony given in a courtroom, but it is less formal and much more frequent. Testimony happens any time you believe something because someone else proves the accuracy of the information. Most of our knowledge about the world is secondhand knowledge that comes to us through testimony. After all, we can’t each do all of our own scientific research, or make our own maps of distant cities.
Social media has strange testimonial rules, and it is hard to solve the problem of false news. On Facebook, Twitter and similar platforms, people don’t always mean what they say, and we don’t always expect them to. A the informal Twitter: advertisement goes: “A retweet (转发推文) is not an approval.” When a well-known politician was caught retweeting false statistics about race and crime, he told Fox News it wasn’t a big deal: “Am I gonna check every statistic? All it was is a retweet. It wasn’t from me.” Intellectually (理智上), we know that people do this all of the time on social media, and pass along news without checking its accuracy, but many of us listen to them anyway. The information they share is just too attractive to ignore — especially when it is about our existing political beliefs.
1. Why do we tend to believe surprising news over drinks?A.We’ve confirmed it. |
B.We may be drunken. |
C.We find it amazing. |
D.We trust in our friends. |
A.The statement in court. |
B.The talk in a restaurant. |
C.The evidence of a crime. |
D.The testimony of a philosopher. |
A.We are tolerant of their actions. |
B.Social media have issued odd regulations. |
C.We will identify with them readily. |
D.Social media don’t check the information. |
A.How to Fix False News |
B.How Incorrect Information Arrives |
C.What Information to Acquire |
D.When Testimony Disturbs Audience |
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【推荐1】Newspapers, magazines, even online articles offer reading materials for people. But strictly speaking, reading means reading books. Since reading books seems to be going out of date, it has raised people’s concerns (担心).
The yearly national reading survey (调查) shows people’s reading habits have rarely changed over the past several years. The survey says about 59 percent of the adults in China read books, with one adult, on average, reading 4 or 5 books a year. This means a large number of people don’t read at all and that those who do so only read a few books a year. A worrying fact is that even students don’t seem to be reading books as they spend more time and energy watching videos online.
There are many reasons why fewer people read books today. To begin with, given the fast-changing social atmosphere, many people tend to spend time on hobbies other than reading. Also, many parents don’t care much about reading, and so they fail to educate their children and grandchildren to love reading books. Therefore, parents should create a good atmosphere that would encourage their children to read books. Thelackof public libraries might answer for the falling number of readers. China has less than 3,300 public libraries, compared with (和……相比) more than 160,000 in the United States. And unlike countries such as the US and Britain which help read among communities, China lacks a good public service system to offer books to readers.
In order to encourage people to read more books, publishers should publish books that not only have rich contents but also attract more readers to read. Besides, schools could set some special days for theme-based reading in order to encourage students to read more books. Companies or social societies could also organize different kinds of activities to get more people to read more books.
1. What can we learn from the national survey?A.Most adults read 4 or 5 books every month on average. |
B.People’s reading habits have changed over the past few years. |
C.Students are likely to spend less time reading books. |
D.Adults are more interested in watching videos online. |
A.appearance | B.shortage | C.improvement | D.protection |
A.List ways of helping read books. | B.Introduce reading activities to students. |
C.Prove the importance of reading books. | D.Give advice on contents to publishers. |
A.Why to read | B.Let’s publish more books |
C.How to read | D.Let’s read more books |
【推荐2】There is a school in my Manhattan neighbourhood that has been giving out free meals during the Covid-19 pandemic—and every time I walk past it, the line seems longer. A community fridge recently showed up a couple of blocks away; it's one of many that activists have fixed across the city to fight against growing food insecurity. Just around the corner there's a young woman who has become a regular among the beggars I usually see in the area. She lost her job because of Covid-19.
It's not all doom and gloom. While the poor are getting poorer, the 1% are making out like robbers. America's 600-plus billionaires saw their wealth grow by more than $700bn in the first few months of the pandemic. During the same period, more than 50 million American workers lost their jobs. The US government has printed trillions of dollars in economic relief but many of the forgivable emergency loans (贷款) for small businesses seem to have been taken by the super-rich. My local independent coffee shop has closed down, but Kanye West received a partially forgivable loan worth at least $2m. It is becoming increasingly clear that the US is experiencing one of the biggest wealth transfers in history.
Bernie Sanders has a plan to help. Last week, Sanders introduced a bill( 法案) , Make Billionaires Pay Act, which would establish a one-time 60% tax (税收) on billionaires' pandemic gains and use the money to guarantee Americans free health care for a year. There is very little chance the bill will get passed.
Billionaires shouldn't exit in the first place—the idea that they should be taxed at a higher rate during a pandemic to help pay health care shouldn't be slightly controversial( 有争议的) . However, there are some who think such a move would be extremely unfair to "poor unfortunate" billionaires who, as we all know, are one of the most unfairly hurt groups in the world.
1. How does the author develop the first two paragraphs?A.By making contrasts. | B.By giving definitions. |
C.By presenting arguments. | D.By listing numbers. |
A.the writer doesn't feel depressed at all |
B.the current situation of Covid-19 is getting better |
C.the billionaires still make profits during the pandemic |
D.the woman has suffered more than we can imagine |
A.rid the country of pandemic | B.restrict the billionaires' fortune |
C.ensure temporary free medical service | D.provide short-term loans for health care |
A.Disappointed. | B.Respectful. | C.Sympathetic. | D.Negative. |
【推荐3】International Mother Language Day is celebrated on 21 February every year. This day shall remind us about the many different languages that exist in the world. It is used to create awareness(意识) of the importance of our home languages.
Languages help us communicate our ideas, understandings and feelings. We also use our language to share our identity which means our cultural traditions, our customs and beliefs.
Many languages are unique(独一无二的) to a country, although English is the most spoken language around the world by non-native speakers. Non-native speakers are all those who learn a language as their second or foreign language.
Did you know that there are over 7,000 languages spoken in the world? Though only 5% of those languages are represented on the internet! The languages most used on the internet are English, Russian and German.
Chinese (Mandarin), Spanish, English, Arabic and Hindi are the most spoken languages around the world but they are not represented in the same order in written text. And not all languages exist in written form at all. Some languages in Africa such as Southern Ndebele only received their first written text in recent years.
Many languages which are spoken worldwide only have few mother tongue speakers and some were never written. Languages with few speakers are mainly found in Oceania, southern Asia, Africa and the Amazon area in South America. In fact, one language dies out every two weeks, as the language is not used anymore.
1. International Mother Language Day is celebrated to ________.A.encourage us to learn more foreign languages |
B.help us communicate our ideas and feelings |
C.share our identity between different countries |
D.make us realize the importance of mother languages |
A.Over 7,000. | B.About 6,650. |
C.Over 1,400 | D.About 350. |
A.Not all languages have written form. |
B.One language disappears every other day. |
C.Languages with few speakers appear in Europe. |
D.The language most used on the internet is Chinese. |
The Welsh online media has suggested this is the view from Camberwell where Bowen lives, rather than Criccieth — a journalist’s whistle-stop tour of a country he last resided in more than 40 years ago. Fellow BBC journalist Welsh speaker Huw Edwards responded to that criticism: “We are all products of upbringing — this take is 1970s Cardiff.” Edwards was even ruder about an attack on Welsh by Jonathan Meades in The Critic. “So long as it’s a hobby language it is as harmless as a Sunday painter,” wrote Meades. “But in pockets of Snowdonia and mid-Wales it is a tool not only of communication but of identity and exclusivity, thus of self-harm.” To which Edwards responded: “Meades is a brilliant writer and I have enjoyed his work over many years. I can only assume he’s crazy. Nothing else can explain this rubbish.”
Bowen’s argument is that because bilingualism (双语) has become essential for many jobs in Welsh government and media, the English-speaking majority has been disadvantaged. Meades is more concerned with a project to create a million Welsh speakers (a third of the population) by 2050. At present, only a fifth of the population speaks Welsh regularly. Such views are, however, either outdated or exaggerated (夸张的).
Largely rural Welsh-speaking Wales was discovering new confidence, thanks to the start of the Welsh-language channel S4C in 1982 and the growth of Welsh-medium education. But Welsh-speaking Wales is not responsible for the difficulties of English-speaking Wales, and the two have to find a way to coexist. The survival of Welsh is a miracle, and every Welsh person, whether or not they speak it, should celebrate that fact.
1. Why was Bowen recently shocked?A.He had a narrow escape in Wales. |
B.He was refused entry into his fatherland. |
C.He was assigned to do a series about Wales. |
D.He was criticized for his Radio program about Wales. |
A.Disapproving. | B.Supportive. | C.Tolerant. | D.Uncaring. |
A.They could not speak two languages. |
B.They held outdated ideas about language. |
C.A third of the Welsh could speak the native language. |
D.The government attached less importance to English. |
A.It establishes Welsh dominance. |
B.It is unexpected and welcome. |
C.It occurs at the cost of English-speaking Wales. |
D.It owes to the efforts of Welsh-speaking Wales. |
【推荐2】It can be incredibly difficult to inspire ourselves to go for a run during winter, particularly when it’s wet and windy outside. But new research has found that even a super-quick run could have great health benefits. In fact, it seems just a 10-minute session will not only make us feel better, but also could actually improve brain health, too. Now, we all know that exercise can improve mental and physical health in many ways.
But when it comes to mental wellbeing, there’s been relatively little research done on the specific benefits of running, compared with other physical activities, such as cycling. So this was something put to the test during a recent study. Researchers from University of Tsukuba in Japan asked participants to run on a treadmill (跑步机) for just 10 minutes. They then had to take a Stroop Color and Word Test which is used to measure reaction times in brain processing. Results showed there was a highest point in self-reported pleasure and an increase in degree of activity of the brain.
In other words, runners were found to have an increase in blood flow in the part of the brain that’s associated with dealing with functions and controlling mood (情绪). Researchers then compared these results to a similar study on cycling, which also showed improved cognition (认知), but no mood improvement. Therefore, it seems various types of exercise can make us feel differently.
The authors noted, “Given exercise is medicine, the effects of drugs differ depending on the type of drug, different types of exercise such as running and cycling should be observed to have different effects on mental health and brain functions as well.”
So pushing ourselves to get outside for a run will really make us feel better, potentially more than other fitness activities. And these findings show that we don’t necessarily need to do a lot of exercise to feel the benefit of it.
1. What did the new research find?A.Running fast benefits all of us. | B.Running is the best exercise. |
C.A short time run can be beneficial. | D.A healthy mind inspires us to run. |
A.By using different drugs. | B.By taking some word tests. |
C.By collecting the former information. | D.By doing experiments and comparisons. |
A.Cycling. | B.Medicine. | C.Blood flow. | D.Colors. |
A.We should go for a run in winter. |
B.Running benefits us physically and mentally. |
C.We don’t need a lot of exercise. |
D.Running on a treadmill is better than running outside. |
【推荐3】Americans usually make allowance(宽容) for non-native-speakers who have some trouble understanding English. But they become annoyed when a person pretends to understand but doesn’t really and then creates problems because of misunderstanding what is said. No one wants soap when he asks for soup. So if you don’t understand what is said to you, admit it and politely ask the person to repeat or explain.
Second, it is quite rude to talk with a friend in your native language and leave your American friends standing there feeling stupid because they can’t understand the conversation. The Americans may also feel that you are talking about them or saying something you don’t want them to hear. If you must turn to your native language to explain something to a non-English-speaking friend, at least translate for your American friends so they don’t feel left out.
Learn just a few more polite English expressions, and you’ll be ready to face the world of Americans with confidence. The polite answer to a compliment(赞扬) about your looks or your works is “Thank you.” (A smile and a nod is not enough.) The response to “Thank you.” is, of course, “You’re welcome,” if someone asks “How are you?” don’t give your medical history. Just say “Fine, thanks. How are you?” Finally, what should you say when someone sneezes(打喷嚏)? It may not seem logical, but the correct response is “God bless you.” That’s about all there is to it. Now that you’ve learned this general knowledge of manners, in the U. S. A., you’ve ready to be polite in English. Let’s hope your American friends will be just as polite.
1. In the first paragraph, the underlined word “annoyed” means .A.rather angry | B.very impolite | C.quite unfriendly | D.fairly pleased |
A.the importance of good manners | B.the general knowledge of English |
C.the skill in daily conversations | D.the good manners in communication |
A.he should learn the language | B.you try to keep some secrets from him |
C.you are angry with him | D.he becomes a fool |