A report consistently brought back by visitors to the U.S. is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the U.S. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: If you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today, there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary travelers. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the U.S., especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon, he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the U.S. are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America, a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, __________.A.rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the U.S. |
B.small-minded officials deserve a serious comment |
C.Canadians are not as friendly as their neighbors |
D.most Americans are ready to offer help |
A.social patterns and historical traditions are inseparable |
B.people in remote and difficult areas used to be more friendly |
C.various virtues exposed to strangers or neighbors are superficial |
D.being friendly to strangers is particularly important to Americans |
A.tends to be superficial and artificial |
B.is generally well kept up in the United States |
C.is always understood properly |
D.has something to do with the busy tourist trails |
A.American culture is confusing to most travelers. |
B.Americans usually don’t mean what they say. |
C.Words don’t always translate American culture properly. |
D.Learning English is the first thing to known American culture. |
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【推荐1】VENICE,a small,waterside city in northeast Italy,boils with happiness and excitement once every year.Between February 21 and March 4,carnival(狂欢节) hits the streets.
For most people,carnival means large parties and feasting(盛宴).But in Venice,it also means traditional masks and clothes.
These costumes were first meant to hide personal identities.Then,different social classes could mix in a sea of happiness.
Along the waterways,people greeted each other with “Good morning Ms. Mask!”
Today,people in Venice still dress up in the strangest ways—as armed soldiers,butchers and fishermen,for example.
Bars and cafes are filled with partygoers who come to show off their beautiful clothes.Their designs and creations are made by special studios.Readymade costumes are not acceptable.
“In the months before the carnival we work overtime to meet the demand,”said a maskmaker.“Many kilometres of silk and lace(花边) are made into costumes.For shopkeepers,carnival is the best time of year.”
The Venice carnival dates back to the Middle Ages.At that time,the city was one of the wealthiest in Europe.
The tradition of celebrating with masks and costumes is thought to have been started by the “Stocking Companies”.These were groups of young men who organized parties and festivals and wore colourful stockings to distinguish(区分) themselves.
By the 18th century,the carnival had reached its top.It all came to an end when Napoleon controlled Venice in 1797.But in 1979,local people brought the old traditions back to life.
Now the Venice carnival attracts huge crowds from all over the world.This year,about 700,000 people are taking part in.Hotels were fully booked months in advance,and bars and restaurants overflow every day.
The city certainly benefits—a whole industry has been built up around the carnival’s masks and clothes.
“The Venice carnival is a magical time!It’s such a great experience,” said one French tourist.
1. What might you infer from the article?A.People in Venice like parties. |
B.Venice was a happy city. |
C.There used to be strong feelings of social class in Venice. |
D.Venice was a city of silk and lace. |
A.In the Middle Ages | B.In the 18th century | C.In 1797 | D.In 1979. |
A.Napoleon. | B.Young men. |
C.The hotel industry. | D.The silk and lace makers. |
A.How the carnival is celebrated in Venice. |
B.The story of how the carnival began in Venice. |
C.The history of the carnival in Venice. |
D.What to see and do during the carnival time in Venice. |
【推荐2】To give a tip or not? If so, how much? They can be headaches even for the most experienced tourists. This week, the main political parties in the UK have finally come to rescue by passing laws to forbid bars and restaurants taking tips from the customers.
However, not every country in the world takes the matter as seriously as the British, who are believed to have invented the custom in the 17th century — originally as a noble practice of giving small gifts to the so-called “inferior (低等的) classes”. Later, tipping has become a habit widely accepted in the world, although it is influenced by a nation’s culture and values.
A common joke among Americans is that only getting tax return is more confusing than tipping. Tips were imported into the country in the 19th century, when wealthy Americans began travelling to Europe. The custom was originally disapproved in the US. Critics accused tippers of creating a class of people who “begged for favors”. Fast forward to the 21st century and you will still find Americans debating the pros and cons. But tipping is now completely ingrained (根深蒂固的) in the national soul.
Like many Asian countries, China is largely a no-tipping culture for decades it was actually prohibited and considered illegal. To this day, it remains relatively uncommon.
Japan’s complex manner system includes tipping. It is socially acceptable on special occasions such as weddings, but on the other occasions, it can actually make the receiver feel ashamed, if not abused. Even on occasions where tips are expected,the money is expected to be sealed in special envelopes as a sign of gratitude and respect. Otherwise, it will be refused because tips are usually included in the payment for the service.
1. What’s the original purpose of tipping?A.To please the ordinary people. |
B.To praise people’s good deeds. |
C.To indicate people’s thanks to the poor. |
D.To show noble kindness to the lower class. |
A.Americans are used to giving tips. |
B.It is quite normal to tip in America. |
C.Tipping is very complex in the US. |
D.Getting tax return is simpler than tipping. |
A.Tips are totally forbidden in China. |
B.Tipping will become popular very soon. |
C.Good services should be put before tips. |
D.Tips can be accepted for special celebrations. |
A.Law | B.Culture | C.Economy | D.Tourism |
【推荐3】Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday. The day after it has been known as Black Friday.
Black Friday is a great time to go shopping.
Now people all over the country take part in Black Friday events.
A.It is even spreading to other parts of the world. |
B.However, there are problems. |
C.It is the start of the holiday shopping season, |
D.Some people leave, disappointed. |
E.The situation makes people worried. |
F.So where does the name Black Friday come from? |
G.Some Black Friday events have been crazy. |
【推荐1】Mindful eating is maintaining an in-the-moment awareness of the food and drink you put into your body. For many of us, our busy daily lives often make mealtimes rushed things. We find ourselves eating in the car going to work, at the desk in front of a computer screen, or parked on the couch watching TV. We eat mindlessly, taking food down regardless of whether we’re still hungry or not. In fact, we often eat for other reasons instead of hunger — to satisfy emotional needs, to free from stress, or deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, anxiety, loneliness, or boredom. Mindful eating is the opposite of this kind of unhealthy “mindless” eating.
Mindful eating isn’t about being perfect, always eating the right things, or never allowing yourself to eat on-the-go again. And it’s not about establishing strict rules for which foods you have to include or avoid in your diet. Rather, it’s about focusing all your senses and being present as you shop for, cook, serve, and eat your food.
While mindfulness isn’t for everyone, many people find it worth trying. By paying close attention to how you feel as you eat, you can learn to enjoy both your food and the experience of eating. It can keep you full with less food, and influence wiser choices about what you eat in the future. It can also help you free yourself from unhealthy habits.
To practice mindfulness, you need to participate in an activity with total awareness. In the case of mindful eating, it’s important to eat with all your attention rather than on multitasking (reading, watching TV, daydreaming, etc). When your attention moves away, gently bring it back to your food and the experience of cooking, serving, and eating.
1. Which belongs to mindful eating?A.Eating while driving. | B.Eating as quickly as possible. |
C.Eating to fill emotional needs. | D.Eating only to satisfy physical hunger. |
A.Rudely. | B.Crazily. | C.Irregularly. | D.Hurriedly. |
A.It’s a trend in weight loss. | B.It’s worthwhile to have a go. |
C.It’s a universal rule of diet. | D.It’s helpful to keep energetic. |
A.The benefits of mindful eating. | B.The practice of mindful eating. |
C.The reasons for mindful eating. | D.The spread of mindful eating. |
【推荐2】Eating a traditional Mediterranean-type diet-rich in foods such as seafood, fruit, and nuts- -may help reduce the risk of dementia (痴呆) by almost a quarter, a new study has revealed.
Experts at Newcastle University found that individuals who ate a Mediterranean-like diet had up to 23% lower risk for dementia than those who did not. This research, published today in the journal BMC Medicine, is one of the biggest studies of its kind.
Scientists analyzed data from 60,298 individuals from the UK Biobank, including individuals from across the UK, who had completed a dietary assessment. The authors scored individuals based on how closely their diet matched the key features of a Mediterranean one. The participants were allowed for almost a decade, during which time there were 882 cases of dementia.
The authors considered each individual’s genetic risk for dementia by estimating what is known as their polygenic (多基因的) risk-a measure of all the different genes that are related to the risk of dementia. They found that there were similar associations between sticking to Mediterranean diet and dementia risk in individuals with higher and lower genetic risk for this condition, which may indicate that even for those with a higher genetic risk, having a better diet could reduce the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dr Janice Ranson, joint lead author on the paper, said: “Dementia impacts the lives of millions of individuals throughout the world, and there are currently limited options for treating this condition. Our study shows a Mediterranean diet that has a high intake of healthy plant-based foods may be important for future strategies to reduce dementia risk. For example, the dementia prevention efforts could go beyond general healthy diet advice and focus on choosing specific foods and nutrients.”
The authors caution that their analysis is limited to individuals who self-reported their ethnic background as white, British or Irish, as genetic data was only available based on European countries, and that further research is needed in a range of populations to determine the potential benefit.
1. What did scientists do during the study?A.They scored the Mediterranean diet. |
B.They tracked the participants’ health. |
C.They collected data from 60298 families. |
D.They selected 882 potential dementia cases. |
A.Its effect is closely related to the polygenic risk. |
B.It increases one’s chance of developing dementia. |
C.It can reduce dementia risk regardless of one’s genetic risk. |
D.It can provide protection against various genetic diseases. |
A.Values of the study. | B.Features of the study. |
C.Elements of a healthy diet. | D.Ways to deal with dementia. |
A.Finding out more benefits of the Mediterranean diet. |
B.Applying the findings to the treatment of dementia. |
C.Involving participants of diverse races and nationalities. |
D.Studying the rate of dementia within different age groups. |
【推荐3】Chinese Paper Cutting or Jianzhi is the first type of paper-cutting design, since paper was invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China.
It’s a very distinguishing visual art of Chinese handicrafts. The art form later spread to other parts of the world with different areas adopting their own cultural styles. After hundreds of year’s development, now they’ve become a very popular means of decoration among country folk, especially women. The paper-cuts are also used to decorate doors and windows, and therefore they’re sometimes referred to “chuang hua”, meaning Window Flower. Paper-cuts are chiefly used as decorations. However, today, Chinese paper-cuts are also used for religious and ceremonial purpose, and they’re buried with the dead and burned at funerals.
Chinese people believe the red paper-cuts on the door can bring good fortune and happiness to the whole family. The paper-cuts are more often seen during traditional Chinese festivals, particularly in Chinese New Year, the Spring Festival. They’re also given as gifts to friends or other family members.
Paper-cuttings aren’t produced by machine, but by hand. There’re two methods of manufacture: one uses scissors, the other uses knives. Knife cuttings are fashioned by putting several layers of paper or a relatively soft foundation. Following a pattern, the artist cuts the motif into the paper with a sharp knife he usually holds vertically. The advantage of knife-cuttings is that considerably more paper cuttings can be made in one operation than with scissor cuttings.
It’s easy to learn about cutting a piece of paper but difficult to master it with perfection. One must grasp the knife in an upright fashion and press evenly (均匀地) on the paper with some strength. Flexibility is required but any hesitation will damage the whole image.
People find hope and comfort in expressing wishes with paper-cutting. For instance: for a wedding ceremony, red paper-cuttings are a traditional decoration on the tea set, the dressing table glass, and on other furniture. A big red paper character “Xi” (happiness) is a traditional must on the newlywed’s door.
1. It can be learned from the second paragraph that ___________.A.paper-cuts are mainly used as presents |
B.females are better at paper-cutting than males |
C.paper-cutting varies from area to area |
D.paper-cuts are used in various ceremonies but funerals |
A.Forms of paper-cutting. |
B.Means of paper-cutting. |
C.Advantages of knife cuttings. |
D.Characteristics of paper-cutting. |
A.using examples |
B.making comparisons |
C.analyzing causes |
D.describing processes |