The origins of the Christmas traditions are the most fascinating of any holiday. All our favourite activities can be traced (追溯) back to specific points in history, and knowing how these things came about just makes celebrating Christmas much more wonderful.
The original Nicholas was born in 280 A.D. in the small country of Lycia, which is now part of modern Turkey. Nicholas became first a priest (牧师) and then a bishop (主教) in the early Christian church. The first paintings of him show Nicholas wearing the clothes of a Christian bishop—red decorated with white. When we see Santa’s suit today, we’re still seeing the two kinds of colors.
Nicholas became famous for gift-giving. In the early fourth century, a story began to spread about Nicholas coming at night to the home of three poor girls who did not have money and therefore could not get married. While the girls slept, Nicholas left gold coins in their stockings, which were drying by the fire. That’s how the tradition of Santa filling stockings got its start.
In 1841, Santa first appeared at a department store in Philadelphia. This Santa tried to climb down a chimney to impress the children who were watching, but he got stuck halfway down. In 1890, department store Santas began appearing all over America, especially on the East Coast around Boston. Parents in other countries joined together and hired passenger trains to take their families to see these Santas.
At the same time, Ralph E. Morris of the New England Telephone Company suggested that strings of lights be hung on Christmas trees. After all, lights would be much safer than candles. Our modern-day image of Santa as a fat man is based on ads of the Coca-Cola company in the 1930s. Artist Hans Sundblom used a retired salesman named Les Prentice as his model.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A.Christmas is the most important holiday. |
B.The traditions of Christmas are based on facts. |
C.There was not any record of Christmas in the past. |
D.More and more people begin to celebrate Christmas. |
A.He set up the first Christian church. |
B.He was called Santa Claus when he was born. |
C.His clothes are similar to Santa’s suit in color. |
D.His image is the same as the modern-day Santa. |
A.prove that Nicholas used to be a rich man |
B.tell of the origin of Santa filling stockings |
C.show Christmas was set up mainly for the poor |
D.describe a famous story in the early fourth century |
A.Santa didn’t become popular until the year 1890. |
B.Candles have never been used on Christmas trees. |
C.The Coca-Cola company designed the image of Santa. |
D.Santa began giving gifts by climbing down chimneys in 1841. |
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【推荐1】On the 1st of March Bulgarian people celebrate a traditional holiday called Baba Marta and it is related to welcoming the approaching spring. People all over the world meet spring with joy and new hopes but in Bulgaria it is saved as an ancient tradition.
On that day, Bulgarians exchange so-called "Martenitsa" and tell each other, "Chestita Baba Marta!"(Happy Grandma Marta! ). This custom is essentially to wish great health, good luck, and happiness to family and friends. The name "Martenitsa" is taken from the Bulgarian word for March, or, as a legend tells, an angry old lady called Grandma Marta-Baba Marta in Bulgarian.
In Bulgarian folklore Baba Marta is a grumpy old woman who changes her mood very rapidly and it reflects in the changeable March weather. When she is smiling the weather is sunny and warm, but if she gets angry the cold will stay for longer and it may even snow. By wearing the red and white colors of the Martenitsa, they hoped that it will make winter pass faster and bring spring.
The Martenitsa is made of twined red and white threads-woollen, silk, or cotton. The white is a symbol of strength, purity and happiness. The red is associated with health and blood.
When someone gives you a Martenitsa you should wear it either pinned on your clothes, on the hand tied around the wrist, or around your neck until you see, or a fruit tree in blossom for the first time in the season. After that you can tie it on a blossoming tree for fertility. Like kind of amulet, Martenitsa was regarded as a magic power believed to protect folks from "ill fortune", diseases and an evil eye.
The custom of wearing Martenitsa is probably one of the most interesting Bulgarian traditions and it is considered to be unique to Bulgaria. According to one of the many legends, this tradition is also related to the founding of the Bulgarian state in 681 AD.
1. What do we know about Martenitsa?A.It marks a huge improvement on agriculture. |
B.It is celebrated by Bulgarian people on May 1st. |
C.It lasts from March 1st until around the end of May. |
D.It is a traditional holiday connected with welcoming spring. |
A.Open-minded. | B.Ill-tempered. | C.Easy-going. | D.Cold-blooded. |
A.By pinning it on the head. | B.By drawing it on the body. |
C.By tying it around the wrist. | D.By sticking it on the trousers. |
A.To promote cultural research. | B.To tell people what to do in spring. |
C.To introduce a Bulgarian tradition. | D.To show how to make the Martenitsa. |
【推荐2】Mother’s Day
The second Sunday in May is Mother’s Day. Mother’s Day is a special day for everyone! On that day, children usually give their mothers cards, presents and flowers. But most of the people like giving their mothers carnations(康乃馨). Somebody said God could not be everywhere and he made mother.
Father’s Day
Father’s Day is on the third Sunday in June.
Some Americans thought that if we had Mother’s Day, we should have a Father’s Day.
On Father’s Day, there is not any party. But children will give their father some presents and the best wishes. Father is great. We could give the best wishes to them.
Halloween
Halloween is on October 31st. On this day, in front of the house there are a lot of pumpkin lights. They are very beautiful. Every family has a lot of sweets. When children go to knock at their doors, people will give them sweets.
Easter
Easter is from 22nd March to 25th April. Easter is an important holiday in Western countries.
Chickens are usually born then. Many children buy chocolate and Easter eggs. They also make Easter eggs. Some people like this holiday because it is interesting.
Thanksgiving Day
Every last Thursday of November is a special day. Some American think Thanksgiving Day is more important than Christmas Day. On that day, all people have supper with their family together. Thanksgiving Day in America is a time to offer thanks, have family gatherings and enjoy holiday meals. People like to eat turkeys and some fruits. On that day people are all happy. But in Canada Thanksgiving Day is the second Monday in October.
1. On which day can children ask for and get sweets?A.Father’s Day. | B.Thanksgiving Day. | C.Halloween. | D.Easter. |
A.They say thanks. | B.They have friend gatherings. |
C.They go on holiday. | D.They buy many cards. |
A.Some traditional festivals in America |
B.A brief introduction of some special days |
C.Festivals that are only celebrated in the West |
D.Foreign festivals and customs. |
【推荐3】Wearing a red nose for a day may seem like a strange way to raise money for charity. However, it seems to work in Britain.
Red Nose Day (RND) is a well-known event in the UK. The aim of the day is to raise money for Comic Relief organization. This is a charity that helps people in need in Africa and in the UK. Comic Relief was started in 1985 by Richard Curtis. He wrote the famous films “Four Weddings and a Funeral” and “Notting Hill”. Richard started Comic Relief in answer to the serious starvation in Ethiopia. It’s called Red Nose Day as on this day many people buy a plastic red nose to wear! The money made from selling red noses goes to the charity.
Red Nose Day takes place every two years in the spring. It is now so well established that many people consider it to be an unofficial national holiday. For example, many schools have non-uniform days.
The slogan (标语) for the last RND was “Do Something Funny for Money.” The money that was collected was used to help fund projects in such areas as education and mental health. Money-raising events take place on this day all over the country and many schools take part. People also donate money by post, in banks, by phone using a credit card and online.
In the evening of Red Nose Day, a very long TV program takes place on the BBC TV channels. It shows some of the events of the day and reports how the money raised will be spent. People also upload videos of local charity events onto the Internet.
So, if you are ever in the UK on Red Nose Day, you will know why you find normal people wearing red noses and doing silly things! It’s all for a good cause!
1. What can we learn about Richard Curtis?A.He likes to wear a plastic red nose. |
B.He is a well-known film director. |
C.He started a charity in the 1980s. |
D.He was born in a poor family in Ethiopia. |
A.People wearing red noses. |
B.Poor people doing silly things. |
C.Rich people applying for credit cards. |
D.People spending money shopping. |
A.A TV program in the UK. | B.A famous event in Britain. |
C.A helping centre for poor people. | D.A popular name of a charity. |
A.Lifestyle. | B.Business. | C.Education. | D.Culture. |
【推荐1】Every living thing has DNA that can be used to identify it. They leave bits of DNA behind them wherever they go. DNA left behind like this is called “environmental” DNA, or eDNA. Scientists can use it to tell what kinds of animals are in a certain place.
Testing eDNA isn’t a new idea. Most of the time, scientists used to look for eDNA in water. Now, there are two teams of scientists who have come up with a new way of identifying animals in an area by testing eDNA in the air.
Both teams chose to test in zoos because there were rare animals not naturally found in the area. One team collected samples from different locations at Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo, and the other team did it at Hamerton Zoo Park in the UK.
Basically, both teams used vacuums and fans to collect tiny bits of eDNA in the air. After collecting samples, they went back to the laboratory and compared their samples with examples of DNA from different animals. Therefore, the scientists were able to identify many different animals at the zoos.
Both teams have tracked different animals, even endangered ones without interfering with them in this new way. They are so excited about their new way that they combine their results of the test and publish a paper together in order to invite more scientists to join them.
However, it’s still unknown that whether this new way will work out fine or not in the wild nature. If scientists know where the wild animals live, they can do a better job of protecting them.
So the next step is to figure out how to take this new method into nature.
1. The two teams of scientists did the following things EXCEPT_________.A.using vacuums and fans to collect tiny bits of eDNA in the air |
B.knowing how to collect eDNA samples in the wild nature |
C.comparing their samples with examples of DNA from different animals |
D.working together to publish a paper |
A.Two Teams of Scientists Find Rare Animals | B.Differences Between DNA and eDNA |
C.Scientists Identify Animals by eDNA in the Air | D.How to Track Endangered Animals |
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
【推荐2】Exercise makes you happier than wealth, a new study says. Regular physical activity is a huge boost to mental well-being, on par with a pay rise.
Instead of logging extra hours at work in hopes of getting a pay rise, maybe you should hit the gym instead, as it could make you just as happy as that extra money. An interesting new study, published in the Lancet, found that people who are physically active have a greater sense of well-being than those who are inactive — and that active individuals feel as good as inactive people who earn $25,000 more per year.
Researchers from Oxford and Yale Universities used data gathered from more than 1.2 million Americans. They were asked, “How many times have you felt mentally unwell in the past 30 days, for example, due to stress, depression, or emotional problems?”
Participants were also asked about their exercise habits and were able to choose from 75 diverse physical activities, including mowing the lawn, doing housework and childcare, running, weightlifting, and cycling. The researchers found that people who exercise regularly feel bad for an average of 35 days per year, whereas inactive people feel bad for an additional 18 days. From the study:
“Individuals who exercised had 43 percent fewer days of poor mental health in the past month than individuals who did not exercise but were otherwise matched for several physical and socio-demographic (社会人口的) characteristics. All exercise types were associated with a lower mental health burden.”
Social physical activities (i.e. team sports) had an even more positive effect, although cycling ranked highly. (I wonder if that’s because it takes place outdoors, which is always a mood booster.)
It is possible to get too much exercise. From Business Insider’s write-up on the study, “The mental health of those participants who exercised for longer than three hours a day suffered more than that of those who weren’t particularly physically active.” The ideal amount seems to be three to five training sessions per week, lasting 30 to 60 minutes each.
But the takeaway should be that any amount helps, so don’t stress about hitting that perfect balance: “All exercise types were associated with a lower mental health burden than not exercising.”
1. Who probably has the greatest sense of well-being?A.The individual who works out more than three hours a day. |
B.The inactive individual who gets better paid than before. |
C.The man who is physically active. |
D.The man who works out regularly and gets a pay rise. |
A.Inactive people felt bad for 53 days per season. |
B.Active Individuals were 43 percent more likely to suffer from poor mental health. |
C.It doesn’t matter what forms of exercise you take. |
D.You’d better take exercises three to six days a week, each lasting 30 to 60 minutes. |
A.Because it has more positive effect than other physical activities like team sports. |
B.Because you can build up your body more efficiently. |
C.Because you can work out in the open air and lift your spirits. |
D.Because it is an exercise which doesn’t exhaust your body too much. |
A.The study’s procedure. | B.The study’s application. |
C.The study’s significance. | D.The study’s findings. |
【推荐3】Tashi Hackett rows his boat on the Snake River, south of Jackson Hole, Wyoming. All around him is the great beauty of the Bridger-Teton National Forest. It is a great place for wildlife watchers, hikers, and campers. But Hackett isn’t here for the view; he’s here to help protect the river.
Hackett is one of many volunteers working with Adventure Scientists, an organization that makes use of the skills of experienced outdoor recreationists (游憩者) to help scientists collect much-needed data (数据) on many different research projects.
Organizations like Adventure Scientists play an important role in research. Scientists often may not have enough money or time, which can limit their ability to carry out their work. But laypeople like Hackett can help in many ways. Volunteers for all projects receive training before going out into the field.
Within 10 years, Adventure Scientists’ volunteers have collected data for lots of important research projects around the world. One project collected the largest known microplastics (tiny pieces of plastic) data set ever recorded, showing the worldwide reach of microplastics pollution. Another project collected data from around the world to help Harvard Medical School researchers study antibiotic resistance (抗生素抗药性). One present project creates libraries of data about trees in the U.S.
On a recent day, Hackett’s work begins before 8 a.m. and goes on late into the afternoon. Sometimes the weather is perfect; other times it’s far from lovely. One trip had Hackett moving through the forest during a snowstorm. Another time, in late fall, ice made it difficult for him to reach the river and the low temperature prevented his equipment (设备) from working correctly.
But Hackett says he enjoys the chance to give back.“It’s been a great chance to help collect data that’s going to be used for a long time, and to know what the health of the river that I love is.”
1. What is Hackett doing on the Snake River?A.Practicing boating skills. |
B.Collecting data about the river. |
C.Guiding visitors around the river. |
D.Enjoying the beauty of a national forest. |
A.Those who have limited savings. |
B.Those who have no interest in science. |
C.Those who are not experts in one field. |
D.Those who play a central role in research. |
A.By giving examples. | B.By showing differences. |
C.By following time order. | D.By providing research results. |
A.Strict and warm-hearted. | B.Patient and strong-willed. |
C.Experienced and open-minded. | D.Responsible and hard-working. |