The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently — and paradoxically — laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
1. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .A.free employers from certain duties |
B.improve traditional hiring procedures |
C.protect the rights of ordinary workers |
D.punish questionable corporate practices |
A.slow down business development |
B.weaken managers’ authority |
C.affect the firms’ public image |
D.worsen labor-management relations |
A.Imposing reasonable wage restraints. |
B.Enforcing employment protection laws. |
C.Limiting the powers of business owners. |
D.Dismissing poorly performing managers |
A.Highly paid managers lose their jobs. |
B.Employees suffer from salary cuts |
C.Society sees a rise in overall well-being |
D.Employers need to hire new staff. |
A.has secured managers’ earnings |
B.has produced undesired results |
C.is beneficial to business owners |
D.is difficult to put into practice |
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【推荐1】There’s a well-known story in the world of literary translators about the translator who was thrilled to see his work appear at great length in an article in a popular magazine. He had translated many novels by a little-known Scandinavian novelist, who he believed had been ignored and not received the attention or praise the novelist deserved. He had devoted much time to trying to get this novelist some recognition. The article agreed with his assessment of the novelist’s works mentioning long passages from his translations.
But something was missing. The translator searched in vain for a mention of his name. It didn’t appear anywhere. The translator’s joy at the coverage(报道)of the author he liked was considerably ruined by this. He felt that he himself should have had some recognition in the article. It was as if the translator did not exist, and all the efforts he had made had never happened.
Most people would agree that it was wrong of the magazine not to mention the translator. However, it is also true that most readers themselves operate in exactly the same way, and for them it is also as if the translator didn’t exist. When people read a translation of a novel, they want to feel they are reading what the novelist, and not someone else, wrote. They don’t want to be reminded that they are not reading, and would not be able to read, the original novel created by the novelist, not wishing to know who the translator was or pay any attention to what they have done.
In this global age, more and more works of fiction are being translated into more and more languages. Readers are now able to experience and understand other cultures more than ever through the reading of translated novels. So the works of more and more novelists can reach people in other parts of the world. This applies not only to new novels but also to fresh translations of old classics.
1. What can we know about the translator in Paragraph 1?A.His opinion was shared by the magazine. |
B.The novelist’s works were his favourite. |
C.He often sent articles to the magazine. |
D.The novelist got famous with his help. |
A.Regretful. | B.Proud. |
C.Upset. | D.Skeptical. |
A.The contributions of novel translators. |
B.The general attitude towards translators. |
C.The readers’ different tastes in literature. |
D.The importance of reading original works. |
A.The shortage of able novel translators. |
B.The number of readers of original works. |
C.The value of novels in different countries. |
D.The variety of fiction available to readers. |
【推荐2】I am a book conservator. I work for The Gladys Brooks Book and Paper Conservation Laboratory, attending to the physical well-being of collections materials.
Currently I am working on a copy of The byrth of mankynde, otherwise named The womans book, by Eucharius Roesslin, London, 1545. The book arrived in the lab broken in half. It had suffered from several unsuccessful attempts to repair the damage over the years. I carefully documented the original sewing pattern, so that I could resew it in the same way. Next, I dyed(给上色) leather to match the original color, which I will use to recreate the spine (书脊). After it is completed, the book will receive a new, custom cover, and will be ready to be used again.
I come from an art background, having received my bachelor degree in studio art from Bard College. It was really through an interest in materials (specifically paper, leather, etc) that I became involved in bookbinding—fastening books together and putting covers on them. Later I received a diploma, which led me to many wonderful experience in book conservation.
Working in conservation can be very satisfying: the outcome of our work is unusually obvious. Working to preserve materials for future readers can be creatively challenging, and requires flexible thinking. I like that it is a profession that combines working with your hands with an intellectual component. And of course, I am very happy to take a book that is too fragile to be handled and make it usable again.
Many books that come up to the conservation lab are too fragile to be handled by readers; our work makes these materials accessible. This is important not just for readers that come and use our collection in person, but also for preparation for digitization projects and exhibitions. However, some people think that all we do is repair bibles! This work is much more creative than a few binding repairs. Many bookbinders create books and book art in addition to repair work. They are artists who show their work in galleries and museums.
1. What does the author think of his job?A.Easy. | B.Ordinary. | C.Satisfying. | D.Flexible. |
A.The way the book sewed. | B.The pattern the book broke. |
C.The method of repairing spines. | D.The material used for the cover. |
A.Create art books. | B.Repair broken bibles. |
C.Digitalize old books. | D.Make books reusable. |
A.My love of the laboratory. | B.My story about conserving books. |
C.My job as a book binder. | D.My experience of studying binding. |
【推荐3】If you love eating and drinking for free and are looking to make some pocket money, there's a job in China with your name on it. A new type of online service allows people to hire others to eat or drink their favorite treats, either to cure their boredom or satisfy their appetite without the calories that usually come with it.
Chinese media recently reported on an increasingly popular service on online platform Taobao that's as startling as it is appealing. People can now go online and hire others to consume certain foods and drinks, and ask them to provide video evidence of them eating or drinking the said treats.
Fees usually range from two to nine yuan ($0.30 - $1.35) plus the cost of the food. It's not exactly a get-rich-quick job, but there are quite a rot of people willing to do it for the free treats alone.
“Bubble tea drinking" is a particularly popular service, as the chewy tapioca(木薯粉)balls and popping drink is all the rage in Asia these days, but there are also ads from people willing to eat fried chicken or hot pot for anyone willing to pay for them.
Advertised as being "fat-free" and "free of queues", those who pay for the service will receive the full experience, which includes a 360-degree video of the drink, photos, and a detailed description. Prices of the service are based on the drink's sweetness level, its price, and popularity. Some clients even require a short written review to be sure that the person they hired actually does what they are supposed to.
Sellers explained that most customers buy their "Bubble tea drinking" service maybe because they're trying to shake off desires while they're on a diet. Drinking bubble tea by proxy may help customers avoid high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and other health problems that the sugar-laden drink may cause.
So why would anyone pay a total stranger to enjoy a treat rather than consume it themselves? Well, apparently, the online service is so cheap that some people simply do it out of boredom, while others get satisfaction from watching others indulge in their favorite treats.
This indulging-by-proxy service(代享受服务)has received a lot of attention on social media in China, with some people describing it as the job of their dreams.
1. What kind of people may buy the new type of online service?A.Those who are boring. |
B.Those who are trying to lose weight. |
C.Those who love eating and drinking for free. |
D.Those who are looking to make some pocket money. |
A.That they can make a fortune. |
B.That the foods and drinks are cheap. |
C.That they can consume the treats for free. |
D.That they can realize their dreams. |
A.To prove that the new type of service online is popular. |
B.To list an example of the new type of service online |
C.To show bubble tea is greatly welcome in Asia. |
D.To promote the new type of service online. |
A.Indulging-by-proxy service online helps lose weight. |
B.Boredom leads to indulging-by-proxy service online. |
C.People hold different opinions on indulging-by-proxy service online. |
D.Indulging-by-proxy service online is getting increasingly popular. |
【推荐1】Lots of us young people experience home - life as if it were a cradle (摇篮). Meals are cooked and clothes are washed as if by magic! We can’t wash clothes or cook a meal. We don’t clean the floor, cut the meat, chop (剁碎) the vegetables... Yes, we are “grown - up babies” in cradles.
But we can’t stay in the cradles forever. Everybody needs to prepare for real life. If we want to live a better life, we’ll have to learn the practical skills we need in life. I realized that when I went to college.
Without parents around me, my college life was a real mess! I wish my parents or my teachers had taught me all these skills before — they are really so useful! I had to learn to shop, prepare my food, cook meals, clean up and do the washing. Learning these skills changed me greatly and brought me a lot. Now I feel very confident in running a home.
Some people might say we can order food online. In fact, good life skills will make us better students, better workers, better family members and happier in our life. Making a meal needs good planning, skillful chopping, control of temperature and a good nose! It makes us smarter!
It’s time for us to break the cradle. ▲ Schools in China will teach life skills as a subject. If we don’t have practical life skills, our education will be incomplete. Let’s start now. One day, others will wonder why they have no clean socks, and why we can cook a delicious meal but they can’t!
1. The writer starts the passage by ________.A.listing the facts | B.raising a question | C.giving reasons | D.telling a story |
A.成人 | B.巨婴 | C.小孩 | D.婴儿 |
A.We learn to make some cradles. | B.We’re very happy to have a cradle. |
C.Our parents take care of us well. | D.A coming change may help us a lot. |
A.Ways to Live in the Cradle | B.My Life Experience at College |
C.Time to Break the Cradle | D.The Life Skills We Must Learn |
【推荐2】Americans are proud of their variety and individuality (个性), yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of a lift operator or the uniform of a five-star general(将军).
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes.People expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform.
Among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them.Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement.
A.Americans think highly of uniforms . |
B.Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? |
C.When people wear the same uniforms, they are likely to think, speak, and act similarly on the job at least. |
D.Uniforms also have many practical good points |
E.Some practical problems with uniforms arise. |
F.The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. |
G.People's identity can be recognized more easily by their uniforms |
【推荐3】On Monday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicted that 42% of Americans could be overweight by 2030. Our expanding waistlines lead to not only a medical problem, but according to a recent article In The New York Times, it could also endanger personal safety in some situations—in an airplane crash, for example.
The New York Times’ Christen Negroni reports that engineers and scientists are questioning whether airplane seats are adequately constructed to protect overweight travelers. Government standards for airplane seat strength(强度)— first set moe than 60 years ago — require that the seats be made for a passenger weighing 170 pounds (77kg). Today, the average American man weighs nearly 194 pounds (88kg) and the average woman 165 pounds (75kg). Negroni reports:
“If a heavier person completely fills seat, the seat is not likely to behave as intended during a crash,” said Robert Salazar, the leading scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia. “The energy absorption that is built into the aircraft seat is likely to be overpowered and the passengers will not be protected properly.”
“Nor would the injury be limited to that passenger only,” Dr. Salzar said. “If a seat or a seat belt fails,” he said, “those people who are seated nearby could be endangered from ‘the uncontrolled movements of the passenger’.”
Most complaints about airplane seats focus on their lack of comfort and high ticket price, and whether overweight passengers should be made to buy two seats. But The New York Times’ article brings up another reason to feel anxious about flying. Investigators of the issue got in touch with the airplane seat and seat belt makers, but they refused to comment on the problem. Experts agreed that crash testing should be done with overweight dummies (人体模型). Both airplane seats and seat belts should be tested, they said.
Fortunately, however, according to Nora Marshall, a senior adviser at the National Transportation Safety Board, the board’s investigators have never seen an accident involving a commercial plane in which the weight of a passenger was a problem.
1. What is the article in The New York Times mainly concerned with?A.The size of airplane seats and seat belts. |
B.Safety of overweight airplane passengers. |
C.Airplane crashes involving commercial planes. |
D.A medical problem caused by being overweight. |
A.overweight passengers should buy two seats |
B.the government should help produce safer planes |
C.standards for airplane seat strength should be raised |
D.passengers should know how to protect themselves |
A.airplane seat makers have taken action now |
B.there are few complaints about airplane seats |
C.those seate near the overweight may suffer too |
D.only a small number of airplane accidents involve the overweight |
A.Why Do Passengers Feel Anxious about Flying? |
B.Will 42% of Americans Be OVERWEIGHT BY 2030? |
C.When Will the Overweight Enjoy Their Flight? |
D.Are Airplane Seats Safe Enough for the Overweight? |