Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affection shown in the home, and a myriad (大量) of other factors will affect human behavior and culture.
Sure there are differences in approach as to what is considered polite and appropriate behavior both on and off the job. In some cultures “yes” means, “I hear you” more than “I agree”. Length of pleasantries and greetings before getting down to business; level of tolerance for being around someone speaking a foreign (not-understood) language; politeness measured in terms of gallantry (殷勤) or etiquette(e.g., standing up for a woman who approaches a table, yielding a seat on the bus to an older person, etc.); and manner of expected dress are all examples of possible cultural differences and traditions.
In México it is customary for the arriving person to greet the others. For instance, someone who walks into a group of persons eating would say prove Cho (enjoy your meal). In Chile, women often greet both other women and men with a kiss on the cheek. In Russia women often walk arm in arm with their female friends. Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation (同化) or acceptance. Ignoring these can get an unsuspecting person into trouble.
There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways. Aaron Pun, a Canadian ODC net correspondent, wrote: “In studying cross cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. Hence, we are comparing two bell curves and generalization cannot be avoided.” Another correspondent explained the human need to categorize. True and true, but the danger comes when we act on some of these generalizations, especially when they are based on faulty observation. Acting on generalizations about such matters as eye contact, personal space, touch, and interest in participation can have serious negative consequences.
1. Which one below is an example of cultural differences according to the passage?A.Dress colors. | B.Tolerance towards a native speaker. |
C.Facial expressions. | D.Ways of greeting. |
A.By giving data. | B.By making comparison. |
C.By giving examples. | D.By stating arguments. |
A.Neutral. | B.Indifferent. | C.Ambiguous. | D.Disapproving. |
A.The significance of cultural differences. |
B.Human behaviors and cultures. |
C.Cultural differences among countries. |
D.Troubles caused by cultural differences. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Psychologists who study creative accomplishments throughout the life cycle generally find that creativity peaks between the ages of mid to late 30s or early 40s.They tend to view creativity from the perspective of creative and innovative disciplines, rather than individual accomplishment. And they find little variation across different professions and disciplines of creativity and innovation, such as the arts and sciences.
At What Age Does Creativity Peak? A new study shows that it counts on whether you are a conceptual or an experimental thinker.
But according to two economics professors at Ohio State University, that’s only part of the story. Their research, which looked at 31 Nobel Prize Winners in the field of economics and when they made their most significant contributions to the field, uncovered evidence of two peak cycles of individual creativity in the sciences, one that surfaces very early in some people’s careers, and another that, for others, rises up later in their lives. The difference between those who experience a peak in creativity during their mid twenties and those who are more likely to peak in their mid 50s, the researchers say, is in the type of creativity involved.
People who are conceptual innovators — those who think out of the box and challenge conventional wisdom — tend to come up with new ideas and innovations automatically and peak at an earlier age. Those creators who are more experimental — who build on their knowledge and accepted theories throughout their careers and ultimately find new and innovative ways to analyze that knowledge — tend to peak later in life.
Past research has shown that conceptual artists — poets, painters and novelists — who have clear and more immediate goals for their work, such as to communicate very specific and timely ideas or emotions, work in a different time frame than experimental artists, whose goals are less clear and less precise and who work through trial and error at a more gradual pace. Examples of conceptual innovators include Pablo Picasso, T.S. Eliot, Herman Melville, and Albert Einstein, all of whom contributed their most innovative work while they were young. Examples of experimental innovators include Paul Cezanne, Robert Frost, Virginia Woolf, and Charles Darwin.
The researchers believe that their findings on this view of creativity — that your most creative period is more a product of the type of creator you are and the nature of your work than of the particular field you are in — extend to other academic and scholarly disciplines as well. If you are a conceptual thinker, you are likely to be more creative when you are younger; if you are an experimental thinker, you are likely to do your most creative work when you are older, perhaps even past middle age. In theory, then, there are no limitations to creativity. You could end up doing your best work in your forties, fifties, sixties or even later.
1. What can affect the age of Creativity Peak?A.Different professions. |
B.Different disciplines. |
C.The type of research. |
D.The type of thinker. |
A.challenge conventional wisdom |
B.have immediate goals for their work |
C.share specific and timely ideas |
D.work through trial and error gradually |
A.An experimental thinker may be more innovative. |
B.Creativity without limitations may peak at any age. |
C.A scientist is more likely to do creative work than an artist. |
D.The person who has less precise goals can do more creative work. |
A.reveal when the accomplishment peaks |
B.analyze how to be more creative |
C.explain the factors that influence creativity peaks |
D.present the importance and limitations to creativity |
【推荐2】Overtourism happens when the number of tourists or the management of the tourism industry in a destination becomes unsustainable (不可持续的). When there are too many visitors, the quality of life for the local community can be affected, the surrounding natural environment can become worse, and the quality of the tourists’ experience can fall.
However, in most places, overtourism is not a hopeless situation. Destinations all over the world have already showed ways to overcome the obstacles presented by overcrowding and unsustainable tourism management.
East Africa, for example, has turned the gorilla (大猩猩) visiting into a once-in-a-lifetime experience by putting limits on daily permits, while maintaining conservation efforts inside native forests and offering jobs to local guides. In Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty limits the size of ships that land there as well as the number of people they can bring ashore at one time; it also requires a minimum guide-to-tourist ratio (比率) while tourists are off the boat.
Local governments, of course, are largely responsible for keeping sustainability in the tourism industry. But approaches to reducing the negative effects of overtourism can come down to individual travelers as well. One of the best ways is to become a responsible tourist by looking outside of the mainstream travel destinations. Consider outer cities or less-visited attractions to avoid crowds altogether while experiencing the destination’s daily culture outside of the popular areas. There are countless places that want and need more tourists to explore.
If you just have to visit the popular destinations, consider visiting during their off-season. People who rely on tourism to live on need support during the off-season more than any other time of year. Besides, it will save money since accommodations and flights tend to be cheaper. Even better, off-season travel puts less pressure on the environment.
1. What does the underlined word “obstacles” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Hesitations. | B.Failures. | C.Disagreements. | D.Challenges. |
A.Reducing local guides. | B.Limiting daily permits. |
C.Expanding forest coverage. | D.Attracting local visitors. |
A.Local authorities. | B.Individual tourists. |
C.Travel agencies. | D.Native people. |
A.It suits the young and the old. | B.It improves visitors’ mental health. |
C.It’s much cheaper and less crowded. | D.It offers more cultural destinations. |
【推荐3】More than just plain old milk
When people talk about milk, they are usually referring to cow's milk. But, nowadays, there are more and more milk alternatives hitting the shelves.
Soy milk
Soy milk is one of the most common choices among alternative milk products. It contains nearly as much protein as cow’s milk, offering about seven grams per cup. Soy milk usually contains oils and thickeners as well as extra calcium (钙), vitamin ( 维生素) D, and vitamin E.
Coconut milk
If protein is of no concern, coconut milk is worth a try. Made from water and the white part of coconuts, this drink has the lowest amount of protein among nondairy milk. What coconut milk does have a lot of is a kind of fat known as MCTs. According to some findings, the fat may reduce appetite and improve blood cholesterol (胆固醇) levels.
Almond milk
Almond milk is another popular alternative. Almonds are high in vitamin E- 28 grams contain 37% of one’s daily requirement. Vitamin E helps reduce inflammation (炎症) in the human body. That being said, almond milk is not as nutritious as you might think. Almond milk is mostly water, and almonds only make up about 2 % of many products, though you may be able to find a few that contain up to 15%.
Oat milk
Oat milk is among the most well-liked options and is considered sustainable and environmentally friendly plant-based milk. Like almond milk, oat milk is essentially oats and water. It is high in fiber, which helps lower cholesterol in your body.
1. What do we know about soy milk?A.It is rich in protein and MCTs. |
B.It is a good alternative to cow’s milk. |
C.It may be harmful to the environment. |
D.It may cause inflammation in your body. |
A.Soy milk. | B.Coconut milk. | C.Almond milk. | D.Oat milk. |
A.Both contain a lot of water. |
B.Both are high in fiber and vitamin E. |
C.Both help lower cholesterol in your body. |
D.Both are more nutritious than other milk varieties. |
Catherine and Tom live in Sweden, a country where everyone is expected to lead an orderly life according to rules laid down by the government, which also provides a high level of care for its people. This level of care costs money.
People in Sweden pay taxes on everything, so aren't surprised to find that owning a dog means more taxes. Some people are paying as much as 500 Swedish kronor in taxes a year for the right to keep their dog, which is spent by the government on dog hospitals and sometimes medical treatment for a dog that falls ill. However, most such treatment is expensive, so owners often decide to offer health and even life premium for their dog.
In Sweden dog owners must pay for any damage their dog does. A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car, you, as the owner, have to pay for any damage done to the car, even if your dog has been killed in the accident.
1. Catherine pays taxes for Tom because ________.
A.Tom follows her everywhere |
B.Tom is her child |
C.Tom is her dog |
D.Tom often falls ill |
A.keep a high level of care for the people |
B.pay for damage done by dogs |
C.provide medical care for dogs |
D.buy insurance for dog owners |
A.payment for risks | B.medical check |
C.entertainment expense | D.protection fee |
A.The owner of the car. |
B.The owner of the dog. |
C.The insurance company. |
D.The government. |
My name is Miang,I come from Thailand. I would like to tell you about my favorite holiday,which is Chinese Spring Festival,taking place in January or February every year. My family is Chinese,and we celebrate this day all together,too. My aunt prepares some traditional Chinese dishes,such as duck ,chicken,fish,pork and so on. We will have a get-together to enjoy all these delicious food,especially a kind of food—“dumplings”.
Janine
My favorite holiday is Christmas. On Christmas,we dance,play music and sing. We have great fun on that day. We eat Christmas sweets and many special foods. We decorate our house with colorful lights. I love Christmas mainly because it is Jesus' birthday!
Zhenia
My favorite holiday is New Year. We celebrate the New Year on the 31st of December. Father Frost comes with his granddaughter Snegoorochka on this night. He comes at night and puts his presents under the New Year Tree. We have a party and stay up until midnight to see the New Year in and the Old Year off. We cook tasty food for parties.
Pat
My name is Pat,and I am from Thailand. My favorite holiday is Songkran. It is a Thai New Year celebration. It takes place from the 13th to 15th of April. People pour water on each other on this holiday. It is a lot of fun. People also buy new clothes and they have big parties.
Malena
I am Malena,and I'm from Argentina. My favorite holiday is New Year. We celebrate with fireworks at midnight. I go to Punta del Este with my family. We usually eat Arabian food(kibbe,Lajmayin and so on).
1. On Chinese New Year's Day,Miang's aunt may cook all of the following EXCEPT________.
A.duck | B.dumplings |
C.Lajmayin | D.pork |
A.presentsellers | B.Zhenia's relatives |
C.characters in tales | D.father and daughter |
A.An unforgettable day. |
B.My favorite holiday. |
C.Holidays in the world. |
D.Food on New Year. |
【推荐3】For the British, the home is a private place in which he or she goes to hide away from the troubles of life. It is very seldom that one would be invited to a British person’s home. It is rude to knock on a person’s door if you into. Never ask how much the house or any of the items in it costs.
To the American, most of them want their home to be a place where they can entertain and share their lives with their friends. They may be glad to show you around their houses. They may also be pleased when you show your interest and pleasure in their houses.
Both British and American people will engage in (参与) quite a bit of chat and a drink or two before the meal is served. After the first mouthful, you should say how delicious the food is and ask something about it. Remember, never eat with your mouth open and make very little noise while eating. It would be nice of you to help your host in any way. Maybe offer to pour some drinks or clear up after the meal.
1. British people ________invite friends to their home.A.often | B.always | C.seldom | D.never |
A.you can use anything you like | B.you can ask how much his house is |
C.you may ask the cost of the items in it | D.you are not free to go wherever you wish |
A.angry | B.happy | C.sad | D.worried |
A.Differences between British and American home. |
B.Differences between British and American table manners. |
C.Development of table manners of British and the United States. |
D.Some manners on visiting British and American people’s home. |