In the     1    (five) century, two Germanic groups occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. Unlike Old English Middle English can be read. although with difficulty, by modern English-speaking people. Many factors contributed     2     the development of Middle English. In 1066, the Normans took control of England, which did not have the same result that the Germanic invasion had had about 600 years earlier But French still had an impact on the English language. This     3    (result) in even more pairs of similar word. Modern English includes many Latin and Greek     4    (word). As we all know, English will continue changing in the future. It is certain that the changing process will continue and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of     5    (say) things.

The Chinese language is     1    (differ) from Western languages in that it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds instead of an alphabet. Chinese words     2         (form) by putting together different characters.

According to     3     ancient story, Chinese writing was invented by Cangjie. After seeing the     4    (track) of animals in the snow, he had the idea    5     he could use different shapes to represent different objects. Chinese characters went     6     huge changes over time. Some have been simplified and others have been made more difficult. Besides, a method was developed     7    (have) one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the     8    (pronounce). Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.

In the 1950s, the Chinese government introduced    9     (simplify) Chinese characters and now they are     10     (wide) used in China's mainland.

According to an announcement by Sergey Kravtsov, Russian vice minister of education and science, Sputnik news reported, Russia’s national college entrance exam will include Mandarin as     1    elective foreign language starting from 2019. Chinese will become the     2     (five) elective test item for the Unified State Exam in addition to English, German, French and Spanish.

The number of Chinese learners in Russia     3     (rise) quickly in the past decade, according to a survey     4     (carry) out by a linguistic research center in Russia. Approaches    5    learning Chinese vary from person to person, with more and more people    6    (choose) university courses in Russia.

The three-hour-long Chinese test will quiz students on     7     (they) listening, reading, and writing abilities and a fourth section will examine students on grammar, vocabulary and Chinese     8     (character). Some parts in the exam are even a little bit difficult for native Chinese speakers. Insiders from the Russia education industry confirmed those    9    are with relevant professional background and Mandarin proficiency(精通) are more competitive in job application.

According to the Office of Chinese Language Council International, some 100 million people, excluding native speakers, use Chinese     10     (global).