In 1957, English scientist James Lovelock invented the Electron Capture Detector, an inexpensive, sensitive device used to help measure the spread of poisonous man-made compounds (化合物) in the environment. The device provided the scientific foundations of Rachel Carson’s 1962 book, Silent Spring, a push for the environmental movement. It also helped provide the basis for regulations in the United States and in other nations that banned harmful chemicals like DDT and PCBs.
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Later, his discovery that chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)—compounds that are used in refrigerators and air conditioners—were present in measurable concentrations in the atmosphere led to the discovery of a hole in the ozone layer (臭氧层). He also explained that they posed no possible danger to the planet. A year after his paper in Nature, Mario Molina of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and F. Sherwood Rowland of the University of California at Irvine published a paper in the same journal detailing how sensitive the Earth’s ozone layer is to CFCs. In 1995 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in reminding the world of the thinning of the ozone layer. Lovelock later called his conclusion a mistake.
But Dr Lovelock may be most widely known for his Gaia theory that the Earth acts as a “living organism” that can “control its temperature and chemistry in a state of comfortable stability (稳定性).” As an expert on the chemical composition of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, Dr Lovelock wondered why Earth’s atmosphere was so stable. He hypothesized (假定)that something must control heat, oxygen, nitrogen, and other ingredients. He presented his theory in 1967. That summer, the novelist William Golding, his friend, suggested the name Gaia, after the Greek goddess of the Earth.
The hypothesis may never have moved into the scientific mainstream without the contribution of Lynn Margulis, an American microbiologist. In the early 1970s and in the decades that followed, she worked with Dr Lovelock on specific studies to support this concept. Since then. Dr Lovelock’s theory of a self-controlling Earth has been considered important to understanding the causes and consequences of global warming.
1. What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?A.The functions of man-made compounds. |
B.The importance of banning harmful chemicals. |
C.The influence of the Electron Capture Detector. |
D.The working principles of the Electron Capture Detector. |
A.It was impossible to find CFCs in thin air. |
B.CFCs did little harm to the Earth. |
C.It was impossible to measure CFCs in the air. |
D.CFCs had little effect on cooling refrigerators. |
A.Earth’s atmosphere remains stable. |
B.Golding mentioned a Greek goddess. |
C.Both Earth and Mars have atmospheres. |
D.Living things can exist in the atmosphere. |
A.She became well-known because of Lovelock. |
B.She first discovered the causes of global warming. |
C.She helped Lovelock make his theory widely accepted. |
D.She proposed a new idea based on Lovelock’s Gaia theory. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】French company Airseas, has promised to help big goods ships reduce their fuel consumption (能源消耗), and cut their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (排放) by 20%. And they’re doing this with the Seawing — a 1,000 square meter kite that will fly 300 meters above the water’s surface. So the shipping industry is rediscovering the joy and efficiency of sails (帆).
The large, ship-sized kite is now being developed, and the company plans to open a factory to produce the Seawing in 2026. Once produced, Airseas has promised that launching and operating a Seawing on a goods ship will be automated (自动化), making it easy for crews (船员) to use. The crew can simply press some buttons and a large kite will rise into the sky. That’s not to say that the goods ships won’t use their engines at all, but the kite will take some pressure off of those engines and will reduce the need for fuel. The wind will move the ship, just like it did for hundreds of years in the old days before industrialization.
Lowering emissions by 20% may not seem like a big deal, but moving large amounts of goods back and forth on the high seas creates 3% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. That’s more than the airline industry, which produced about 2% of the world’s emissions in 2021, according to the International Energy Agency. Shipping is also a massive industry, and one worth focusing on for lowering emissions. About 90% of the world’s traded goods are moved around through ships, according to the International Chamber of Shipping.
Some companies are expecting this new version of sails. Japanese shipping company, “K” Line has placed orders for the Seawing kite, and the European Union has also invested more than $2 million in funding.
1. What is French company Airseas trying to do?A.Take part in kite-flying competitions. | B.Make sea exploration easy and joyful. |
C.Produce big kites to be used for sailing. | D.Ship goods with low fuel consumption. |
A.It will completely replace engines. | B.It will be light in weight. |
C.It will follow the goods ship at sea. | D.It will be easily operated by crews. |
A.To stress a problem. | B.To make a comparison. |
C.To introduce a new topic. | D.To explore a possibility. |
A.The sail ships are getting popular again. | B.The GHG emissions are a big problem. |
C.Seawing will be produced in factories. | D.Kites will help cut shipping emissions. |
【推荐2】After you finish your fries, eat the ketchup packet. When you add your pasta to boiling waler, put the bag into the pot, too. If these instructions sound confusing to you, it’s only because you haven’t yet heard of Notpla, a London-based startup company that is designing a seaweed-based replacement for single-use plastic packaging. Notpla design director Karlijn Sibbel says they look lo nature as inspiration for the ideal packaging like the skin on a fruit. “A peel will eventually be used as nutrients by nature, and disappear and become a part of the cycle.” she said.
According to the UN, 9.15 billion tons of plastic has been produced since the early 1950s, and about 60% has been land-filled or abandoned outdoors. Micro-plastics, which are often the result of larger plastics breaking down, pollute the ocean, the air and our bodies. Over the past few years, there has been a growing movement against single-use plastics as many experts have argued the products are unnecessary and harmful. In the US, some places have taken action: New York banned most plastic shopping bags, and in Miami Beach, plastic straws have been outlawed. “Overseas, the European Union put a broad ban on single-use plastics into effect this summer.” the government announced in August.
Notpla’s founders, Rodrigo Garoia González and Pierre Paslie, initially looked to seaweed as the solution to the world’s plastic problem because “it is abundant, grows quickly, doesn’t compete with land crops.” Sibbel explained. There are also many different seaweed species, and it can be harvested or farmed. Seaweed doesn’t use land; it doesn’t use pesticides. It can grow into the ocean and the sea, where it actually has a lot of positive benefits so it can create new ecosystems for other organisms to thrive in.
“As they scale up, Notpla’s team hopes seaweed could replace single-use plastic in the supply chain more broadly.” Sibbel said. But with the volume of plastics used around the world, she understands the enormity (巨大) of such a task. “I don’t think one material or one solution is going to solve everything, but we think that seaweed really ticks the right boxes.” she said.
1. What does the author mainly talk about in the first paragraph?A.The tasty food made from seaweed such as pasta. |
B.Common functions of seaweed. |
C.The famous company called Notpla. |
D.Plastic packaging made from seaweed. |
A.Micro-plastics can only be found in the sea. |
B.The single-use plastics are considered avoidable by many experts. |
C.More than half of the plastic produced has been land-filled. |
D.The European Union and the US have completely slopped using single-use plastics. |
A.It is pesticide-free. |
B.It is easily accessible. |
C.It can grow on land. |
D.It can do good to the ocean. |
A.Optimistic. |
B.Uncertain. |
C.Negative. |
D.Worried. |
【推荐3】Malin Pinsky had the first of two lightbulb moments in 2003 while crossing Drake Passage. He was then standing on the bridge of a research ship and was scanning the sky for seabirds, which was one of his duties as a research technician on the cruise (海上航游). Just five months earlier he had finished college, where he studied biology and environmental science.
As the ship entered nutrient-rich Antarctic waters, whales suddenly showed up all around the ship. That moment on the bridge helped him realize that the ocean looks featureless from the top, but there’s so much going on underneath.
The second lightbulb moment hit him several months later. Pinsky was then an intern (实习生) in Washington, D.C. His job was making photocopies. It was around the time when two big reports had come out. Both focused on what policies might best preserve U.S. ocean resources. “I realized we have all these laws and policies that determine how we as a society interact with the ocean. But they’re far out of date. We don’t yet have the science to know what the new policy should be,” Pinsky said.
Today he runs a lab with about 20 workers. His team wants to seek how our changing climate, as well as overfishing and habitat destruction, might be driving changes in fish and other animals in the sea. To find out, team members travel each year to coral reefs near the Philippines. There, they carefully catalog populations of different fish. They collect data on the growth and mating of these fish, their diversity and other factors.
“Pinsky’s broad approach to the problem — looking at species, where they live and how fisheries are managed — is setting the pace for other scientists,” says Kimberly Oremus, a fishery economist at the University of Delaware in Newark. “Pinsky is pushing the whole field to respond to his growing body of research.”
1. What made Pinsky have the first lightbulb moment?A.The vastness of the ocean. |
B.The sight of seabirds in the sky. |
C.The view of Drake Passage. |
D.The appearance of whales around the ship. |
A.He needed to take more photos of oceans. |
B.He should do something to update ocean policies. |
C.The U.S. ocean resources need to be better preserved. |
D.There have already been perfect policies to preserve the ocean. |
A.The harm of overfishing. |
B.Features of different fish. |
C.Factors affecting ocean ecosystems. |
D.The reasons for global warming. |
A.Positive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Disapproving. | D.Uninterested. |
【推荐1】Let’s begin with the story: King Hiero contracts the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes (阿基米德) to detect fraud in the manufacture of a golden crown. Archimedes accepts the challenge and, during a subsequent trip to the public baths, realizes that the more his body sinks into the water, the more water is displaced — making the displaced water an exact measure of his volume.
Realizing he has hit upon a method to determine whether the King’s crown was made of gold or silver, the young Greek leaps out of the bath and rushes home naked crying “Eureka! Eureka!” Or, translated: “I’ve found it! I’ve found it!”
Too bad, however, Archimedes probably never uttered the phrase in that way.
First and foremost, Archimedes himself never wrote about this episode, although he spent plenty of time detailing the laws of buoyancy (浮力). The oldest authority for the naked-Archimedes eureka story is Vitruvius, a Roman writer, who included the tale in his introduction to his ninth book of architecture. “Vitruvius may have gotten it wrong,” says Chris Schmitt, a mathematician at the University of Berlin and a self-described Archimedes fan. “The method attributed to Archimedes in the story works in theory so it sounds right, but when you actually try it, you find that the real world gets in the way.”
In fact, Schmitt is one of a long line of scientists, including Galileo, who have read the account and thought, “That can’t be right.” As Galileo wrote, Archimedes could have achieved a far more precise result using his own law of buoyancy and an accurate scale. In fact, the surface tension of water can make the volume of a light object like a crown immeasurable. “There may be some truth to it,” Schmitt adds. “Archimedes did measure the volume of things but the eureka moment was maybe due to his original discovery concerning buoyance, not to sitting in the bathtub and then running through the streets naked.”
Much like Newton’s apple, the exclamation persists because of the enduring power of the story: a golden crown, a life in the balance, a naked mathematician. The suspect foundations of the eureka moment take nothing away from the word’s ability to uniquely and concisely convey the flash of inspiration.
1. According to the first paragraph, how would Archimedes measure the volume of the crown?A.He would weigh himself with and without the crown. |
B.He would weigh the crown first and then put it into water. |
C.He would go to the public baths wearing the crown on his head. |
D.He would sink the crown into water and measure the water displaced. |
A.He believed the word “eureka” was said in another situation. |
B.He suspected Archimedes didn’t run through the street naked. |
C.He doubted Archimedes carried out the experiment independently. |
D.He thought Archimedes would not have used the method described. |
A.The word “eureka” is still widely used today. |
B.The word “eureka” is now a formal scientific term. |
C.Most people accept the authenticity of the original story. |
D.People are still inspired by the achievements of Archimedes. |
A.To introduce the famous scientist Archimedes. |
B.To examine the credibility of the eureka story. |
C.To explain how the word “eureka” was created. |
D.To urge people not to use the word “eureka” anymore. |
【推荐2】How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush and it lets you track your performance on your phone.
The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.
The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don’t forget the insides of the teeth!) and make sure you’re brushing long enough. “It’s kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor.
The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for example, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart and fun,” Serval says.
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, from $99 to $199, and the U. S. is the first target market.
1. What’s new about the new toothbrushes?A.It can move by itself. | B.It can track your performance. |
C.It senses how long and how well you brush. | D.It can make you brush your teeth every day. |
A.The introduction of the new special toothbrushes. | B.How the toothbrush teaches you to brush right. |
C.What the toothbrush can do on your phone. | D.How a dentist watches your brushing. |
A.Because he thinks it smart and fun. |
B.Because he needed to keep his teeth healthy. |
C.Because he found his children’s teeth brushes quite dry. |
D.Because he wanted to know how well his children brushed. |
A.A New Electric Toothbrush is on Sale |
B.A Father Invented a New Electric Toothbrush |
C.A New Electric Toothbrush is Going onto the Market |
D.A New Electric Toothbrush Makes Your Teeth Healthy |
【推荐3】Despite his complex mind, Einstein was known to be a lot of fun. You must have seen his iconic (标志性的) photo, but you might not know the backstory. The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein’s seventy-second birthday. In the photo, we can see Einstein sitting in a car, between his wife, Elsa, and Dr. Frank Aydelotte, the head of the Institute for Advanced Study.
The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Snsse asked for one last photo he made a funny face. Einstein liked the resulting image so much, that he immediately ordered multiple copies so he could sign and send them to friends as a joke. Later on, he used this photo to make greeting cards.
Einstein rarely let others get in the way of his fun. He was quick to joke. He rarely wore socks thinking that the shoes should do the job. He let his mustache and hair grow and gave interviews on his porch (门廊) in pink slippers. His commitment to fun ran deep — and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein’s eminence. It only saw the light of day because Sasse related how much the great scientist himself loved the image.
According to Walter Isaacson’s biography, Einstein: His Life and Universe, the personalities that contributed most to Einstein’s greatness were curiosity and non-conformism (不墨守成规). Scientific Lo studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated. People who show a gift for lun also seem have superior cognitive abilities. Fun has so many levels. The best part is that no matter what fun means to you, it can lead you to stand out from the ordinary.
1. What was Einstein doing when the iconic photo was taken?A.He was joking about Sasse. | B.He was making a funny face. |
C.He was celebrating his birthday. | D.He was smiling at the camera. |
A.Being loving and caring. | B.Being humorous and funny. |
C.Being famous and respected. | D.Being sharp-minded and considerate. |
A.It was taken to record his life. | B.It was not published until years later. |
C.It shows Einstein being interviewed on the porch. | D.It was taken to celebrate an instance birthday. |
A.Best humor means high-level fun. | B.Curiosity leads to non-conformism. |
C.Humorous people tend to be intelligent. | D.Greatness should be defined by scientific standards. |
【推荐1】Throughout history, artist, inventors, writers and scientists have solved problems in their dreams. Now, let’s have a look together at some of them.
1.Paul McCartney Found Yesterday in a dream
Paul McCartney is one of the most famous singers/songwriters of all time. According to the Guinness Book of Records, his Beatles song Yesterday(1965) has the most cover(翻唱) versions of any song ever written and, according to record label BMI,was performed over seven million times in the 20th century.
The tune for Yesterday came to Paul McCartney in a dream.
“I woke up with a lovely tune in my head. I thought, ’That’s great, I wonder what that is?’ There was an upright piano next to me, to the right of my bed by the window. I got out of bed, sat at the piano, found G, found F sharp minor---- and that leads you through then to B to E minor, and finally back to E. It all leads forward logically. I liked the _melody a lot, but because I’d dreamed it, I couldn’t believe I’d written it. I thought, ‘No, I’ve never written anything like this before.’ But I had the tune, which was the most magic thing! ”
2. Mary Shelley’s Frankentein Inspired by a Dream
In the summer of 1816, nineteen-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin and her lover, the poet Percy Shelley (whom she married later that year),visited the poet Lord Byron at his villa beside Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Stormy weather frequently forced them indoors, where they and Byron’s other guests sometimes read from a volume of ghost stories. One evening, Byron challenged his guests to each write one themselves.
Mary’s story, inspired by a dream, became Frankentein(科学怪人).
“When I placed my head upon my pillow, I did not sleep, nor could I be said to think----My eyes shut ,I saw------with my acute mental vision----the pale student of unholy arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the ugly figure of a man stretch out, and then , on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and tremble with an uneasy motion, extremely frightful. The next morning I announced that I had thought of a story. I began that day with the words, ‘It was on a dull night of November’, making only a transcript(文字稿) of the cruel terror of my waking dream.”
1. We can learn from the whole passage that_________
A.Some great stories, poems and songs were created while their writers slept. |
B.Paul McCartney likes writing songs in dreams. |
C.Frankentein was written by Byron’s guests. |
D.Byron was an ugly frightful Frankentein. |
A.dream | B.song |
C.tune | D.instrument |
A.The Greatest writers | B.The most famous song and story |
C.Great dreams that come true | D.How to dream |
【推荐2】There is no magic method for living longer and better. But a certain character makes getting older a lot more meaningful: having an open mind and heart.
David Starbuck, an archaeologist (考古学家), continues digging up history in New York despite a diagnosis (诊断) of cancer. Last August, a doctor told 70-year-old David Starbuck he had cancer, and that he had only six months to one year to live. David had a ready comeback. “I would prove that the doctor wrong and live for years,” he says. “It's the stubborn (固执的) ones who survive. We, archaeologists, are like that. I live for whatever I will discover next.”
For the past three decades. David has devoted his life to the dig of one of North America's most important eighteenth-century sites. Fort Edward, near Glens Falls, New York. You might think that the archaeologists would be satisfied resting on their laurels. “A lot of archaeologists never want to retire,” he says. “We are programmed toward the love of discovery.” In addition to directing yearly digs at Fort Edward and nearby Rogers Island, David keeps busy writing research reports and laying the groundwork for what he hopes will become a visitor-friendly site at Fort Edward. “Some people have families to live for,” he says. “I live for archaeology.” David has published almost twenty books and been written up in newspapers and magazines.
“Archaeologists are storytellers,” he says. A single small artifact (手工艺品) can tell us about a whole world from the past. “It's no longer abstract history. You are connecting with someone from hundreds of years ago.” Finding and sharing these moments keeps David alive-physically and spiritually. “The best site,” he says, “is always the one you are
about to find.”
1. How did David react to the doctor's words?
A.He was terrified. | B.He trusted what the doctor said. |
C.He kept working at the historic site. | D.He thought it was too late to receive treatment. |
A.Ideas | B.Habits | C.Arrangements | D.Achievements |
A.Paragraph 1 | B.Paragraph 2 | C.Paragraph 3 | D.Paragraph 4 |
A.It is relaxing. | B.It should earn more. |
C.It is helpful for storytellers. | D.It helps people know the past. |
A.Working too hard is bad for your health. |
B.Doctors are always wrong. |
C.Having an open mind and heart makes life meaningful. |
D.Time is money. |
【推荐3】World famous physicist Stephen Hawking died peacefully at his home in Cambridge on March 14th, 2018.
Hawking was born in Oxford, England on January 8th, 1942. He went to school in a small city near London. As he himself admitted, he wasn’t very serious about studying. He did very little work, he was never top of his class. However, he still achieved good marks. After leaving school, Hawking first went to Oxford University to study physics. Then he went to Cambridge University to study cosmology (宇宙学).
At the age of 21, Hawking noticed something wrong with him. He had a bad illness that stopped him from moving and talking. He couldn’t communicate except by blinking (眨眼). He sat on a wheelchair with a computer by his side. To communicate with others, he moved two fingers to control the computer’s mouse. He chose his words from the screen, which were then spoken by a voice synthesizer (音响合成器). “I’ve had the disease for most of my life,” Hawking once said, “Yet it has not stopped me from being successful at my work.”
Although Hawking was a disabled man, he made great achievements. He received many awards and prizes for his work, including the Albert Einstein Award—the highest achievement in physics.
Hawking worked at Cambridge University as a professor. His story shows that nobody, however bad their situation is, should lose hope. “Life is not fair,” he once said, “You just have to do the best you can in your own situation.”
1. How old was Stephen Hawking when he passed away?A.86. | B.76. | C.58. | D.90. |
A.Stephen Hawking was the best student of his class |
B.Stephen Hawking didn’t work hard at his lessons |
C.Stephen Hawking began to study cosmology |
D.Stephen Hawking didn’t get high marks |
A.There was something wrong with his head. |
B.He couldn’t even blink to communicate except by moving fingers. |
C.He could neither talk nor move. |
D.He had a car accident. |
A.By mouth. | B.By body languages. |
C.By writing letters with his hands. | D.By a voice synthesizer. |