If you want to make sure that you understand this story as fully as possible, you might consider printing the article and reading it on paper.
Virginia Clinton carried out the research examination. Clinton’s examination found that reading from paper generally led to better understanding and improved a person’s performance on tests connected to the reading material. And, she found no major difference in reading speed between the two. Such differences were notable only when the reading materials were expository texts—or explanatory and based on fact. Clinton said she found no major difference when it came to narrative, fictional texts.
Clinton also found that paper readers usually have a higher recognition of how well they have understood a text than screen readers. She said, “We think that we’ve reading the story or the book better than we actually are. We think we understand what we are reading better than how we are actually reading.” Yet, this inflated sense of understanding is especially common among screen readers.
Clinton said there are many possible reasons for such findings. Overconfidence of screen readers, for example, could be the result of a distracted, less focused mind. Clinton said,“If you are enjoying the reading process, you’re going to be more involved. You’re going to be paying better attention. Preferences are a key issue here.”
“Several studies have found that people often think of paper materials as more important and serious. If you are reading from paper, your mind thinks, ‘This is something important. I need to pay attention to it’.” Clinton said. Readers might connect computer screens with fun, less serious activities such as checking social media or watching Netflix. Clinton described this kind of reading as “enjoyment reading”.
Although her findings may support paper reading over screen reading, Clinton says, “When you’re reading on a screen, it can be programmed that you have to answer questions and get them right before you can continue. Paper can’t make you do that. Other tools in development will offer students reading at a lower level more simple texts while providing their other classmates more complex versions of the same text.”
1. What does Clinton think is the advantage of screen reading?| A．It can be programmed with instant answers. |
| B．It provides personalised reading materials. |
| C．It has tools to force readers to continue reading. |
| D．It makes readers have more fun in reading. |
| A．Screen time makes reading more effective. |
| B．Paper reading is more effective than screen reading. |
| C．Screen reading is more suitable for some readers. |
| D．Screen reading is improving paper reading. |
| A．Paper readers were better at reading fictional texts. |
| B．Screen reading resulted in a more focused mind. |
| C．Paper reading was found to be more efficient. |
| D．Screen reading brought more enjoyment for readers. |
| A．more serious | B．more enjoyable |
| C．too informal | D．a little funny |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】My love for libraries blossomed when I joined the public library.
From the age of 8, I was allowed to walk from my home to the downtown library, housed above the police station.
Once the librarian gave me my first membership card, I could enjoy a range of books, which started with Little House in the Big Woods.
I was addicted instantly, and this love of libraries and reading would change my life, allowing me to one day create a safe space for high-school kids, too.
By the time I was in high school, I could read the authors that we were studying in class, including Charles Dickens, Mark Twain and Emily Bronte. During the summer months，I got caught up in Gone with the Wind and Anna Karenina.
When I studied English literature at university, I thought it was time to build my own library. For the next 40 years, I continued to collect books. Until one day, I realized that all my books had become a part of the house，like wallpaper.
Toward the end of my teaching career, I became a teacher-librarian at my old high school where I had first learned English literature. This position resumed（恢复）my love and appreciation for libraries. I never forgot how wonderful it was to be surrounded by books.
I had a generous budget for my classes, so I searched for novels that would interest my teenage audience and hopefully spark（激发）a love of books. Fantasy, science-fiction, graphic novels --- I bought almost any type of book that my students wanted to read.
I bought sofas and comfortable chairs，turning the library into an inclusive （包容的） public space, safe for everyone.
In doing so, I realized that the library isn't just a place to do research. They are, in fact, places that offer an opportunity to engage with the past, present and future. All that is required is a tiny bit of curiosity. Libraries are places that should be full of life. They help us adjust to the world and their doors must be kept open to everyone---for free！
1. What does the underlined word “blossomed” in the first sentence mean?| A．Shaped. | B．Produced. | C．Developed. | D．Appeared. |
| A．It is the only place for readers to do research. |
| B．It is a place for people to learn English literature. |
| C．It is a place for people to be more inclusive. |
| D．It is a place that offers an opportunity to be better selves. |
| A．More Than Just Books | B．Being Addicted to Books |
| C．Building an Inclusive Public Space | D．Buying Any Kind of Book |
Recall(回忆) how you find a name in a telephone book? You don't read any more than necessary to find the name you look for. Notice that you go directly down a column of news. Maybe you use your finger to guide your eyes. This type of reading is usually called scanning.
Since you don't know exactly what you are looking for while skimming, prepare yourself by reading the title, source, author and picture. Then you question yourself-who, what, when, where is this likely to be mainly about?
It's a good practice to skim everything in mass media after reading the title and first paragraph. You may get all the information you want.
Skim everything you intend to read before you make a final decision to read or study the material. Skim all highlights and develop a read-skim pattern for rapid review.
| A．And don't miss this! |
| B．It is quite necessary to learn scanning. |
| C．Soon you will note new or unusual vocabularies. |
| D．This keeps your skimming skills from becoming worse. |
| E．Skimming is a step you should always take before you read any article. |
| F．With a questioning mind, you direct your eyes down the column of print. |
| G．Skimming uses the same type of skill in form but a different skill mentally. |
【推荐3】
Books are a wonderful provider of knowledge and pleasure and some types of books should be in every home.
| A．Television has not killed reading, however |
| B．A printed book is a good time killer |
| C．Every home should have a good dictionary |
| D．More and more people spend less time doing sports |
| E．Choosing a good book is just like choosing a friend |
| F．Books are still a cheap way to get information and enjoyment |
| G．With the popularity of televisions, some think fewer people will buy books and newspapers |
【推荐1】
“What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has brought about complaints over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate kinds and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance（服从）and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.
Violators face the possibility of fines and worse. They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tonnes of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sort out the waste, picking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China produces 80 billion pairs of disposable(一次性的)chopsticks a year.
Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous（有害的）, the differences among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. Most upset are the short windows for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.
1. What does the underlined word “Violators” in Paragraph 2 refer to?| A．People who don’t sort the waste. |
| B．People who argue with the monitors. |
| C．People who don’t throw the trash on time. |
| D．People who are against the regulations. |
| A．The massive traffic. | B．The increasing garbage. |
| C．Lack of a recycling system. | D．Lack of trash pickers. |
| A．Complex distinction among the four categories of trash. |
| B．Short scheduled time for throwing the trash. |
| C．Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage. |
| D．Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior. |
| A．A Restart of Trash-sorting | B．A Great Change in Tackling Litter |
| C．New Times of Garbage Classification | D．A Craze for Learning Waste Sorting |
【推荐2】Hardware in general,and smartphones in particular,have become a huge environmental and health problem in the Global South's landfill sites(垃圾填埋场).
Electronic waste(e-waste) currently takes up 5 percent of all global waste,and it is set to increase rapidly as more of us own more than one smartphone,laptop and power bank They end up in places like Agbogbloshie on the outskirts of Ghana's capital,Accra. It is the biggest e-waste dump in the world,where 10,000 informal workers walk through tons of abandoned goods as part of an informal recycling process.They risk their health searching for the precious metals that are found in abandoned smartphones.
But Agbogbloshie should not exist.The Basel Convention,a 1989 treaty,aims to prevent developed nations from unauthorized dumping of e-waste in less developed countries.The e-waste industry,however,circumvents regulations by exporting e-waste labelled as "secondhand goods' to poor countries like Ghana,knowing full well hat it is heading for a landfill site.
A recent report found Agbogbloshie contained some of the most dangerous chemicals.This is not surprising: smartphones contain chemicals like mercury（水银）,lead and even arsenic(砷).Reportedly, one egg from a free-range chicken in Agbogbloshie contained a certain
chemical which can cause cancer and damage the immune system at a level that's about 220 times greater than a limit set by the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA).Most worryingly,these poisonous chemicals are free to pollute the broader soil and water system.This should concern us all, since some of Ghana's top exports are cocoa and nuts.
Some governments have started to take responsibility for their consumers' waste.For example,Germany has started a project that includes a sustainable recycling system at Agbogbloshie,along with a health clinic for workers.However,governments cannot solve the problem alone, as there is an almost limitless consumer demand for hardware,especially when governments' green policies are focused on issues like climate change.
Only the manufacturers can fix this.A more economically sustainable and politically possible solution is through encouraging hardware manufacturers to make the repair, reuse and recycling of hardware profitable,or at least cost-neutral
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?| A．Electronic waste requires more landfill sites across Ghana. |
| B．Electronic waste is too complex to get fully recycle |
| C．Electronic products need to be improved urgently |
| D．Electronic pollution is a burning question in Agbogbloshie |
| A．Abolishes | B．Tightens |
| C．Brings in | D．Gets around |
| A．The thread of polluted food around the world |
| B．The damage of chicken’s immune system |
| C．The lack of diversity in Ghana's exports |
| D．The violation of EFSA's standards |
| A．Manufacturers' developing a sustainable hardware economy |
| B．Governments’ adjusting their green policies about e-waste. |
| C．Reducing customers' demands for electronic products |
| D．Manufacturers’ urging the government to make effective policies to ensure more profit. |
【推荐3】Water is everywhere, from soil to the cells inside our own bodies. Depending on factors like location, age, and sex, the average human is between 55—60% water. So what role does water play in our bodies, and how much do we actually need to drink to stay healthy?
The water in our bodies works to adjust temperature, and to nourish(滋养) the brain and other body parts. Water isn’t only in our blood. An adult’s brain and heart are almost three quarters water, while lungs are 83% water.
If we are mainly made of water, why do we still need to drink so much? Well, each day we lose two to three liters(升) through our sweat, urine(尿) and even just from breathing, which helps our bodies get rid of waste. While these functions are necessary to our survival, we need to compensate for the water loss. Keeping a balanced water level is essential to avoid dehydration(脱水), which can have bad effects on overall health. Dehydration is usually caused by over consumption of water in a short amount of time. It can cause obvious drops in energy, mood and blood pressure. In severe cases, it will cause headache, and even death.
However, on a normal basis, maintaining a well-hydrated system is easy to manage for those of us who are fortunate enough to have access to clean drinking water. For a long time, it’s commonly believed that we should drink eight glasses a day. But now it is suggested that the amount of water we need to drink depend largely on our weight and the environment. The recommended daily intake varies from between 2. 5—3. 7 liters of water for men, and about 2—2. 7 liters for women.
While directly drinking water is the healthiest, coffee or tea can also be alternatives to make up for water loss. Water within food makes up about a fifth of our daily water intake. Fruits and vegetables like strawberries and cabbage are over 90% water, and can provide valuable nutrients as well. Drinking well also has various long-term benefits. Studies have shown that it can lower the chance of stroke(中风) and reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. No matter what it is, getting the right amount of liquid makes a healthy life.
1. Where is the text probably from?| A．A health magazine. | B．A doctor’s diary. |
| C．A food magazine. | D．A travel brochure. |
| A．Removing body waste. |
| B．Increasing temperature. |
| C．Causing drops in energy. |
| D．Improving blood pressure. |
| A．Reduce in. | B．Increase in. |
| C．Make up for. | D．Hold back. |
| A．We should drink eight glasses a day. |
| B．Only directly drinking water is healthy. |
| C．All people should drink 2. 5—3. 7 liters of water. |
| D．Weight will influence the amount of water we need to drink. |
