Every language and culture has curse words (脏话). What gives a curse word its power is partly its meaning and partly its sound. “In English, for example, curse words tend to contain a high percentage of plosive (爆破音) sounds, including P, T and K, ” said Ryan McKay, a psychologist at University of London.
Dr. McKay teamed up with his colleague Shiri Lev-Ari to learn whether this familiar pattern went beyond English. They wondered whether it might even represent what’s called sound symbolism. Sound symbolism is when a word sounds like what it means.
The researchers first asked fluent speakers of Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Korean and Russian to list the most vulgar (粗俗的) words they could think of. Once they’d made a list of each language’s most frequently used curse words, the researchers compared these with neutral words from the same language. In these languages, they didn’t find the plosive sounds that seem common in English curse words. “Instead, we found that the vulgar words were defined by what they lacked: the approximant (近似音) sounds that include letters I, L, R, W and Y,” Dr. Lev-Ari said.
Next, the scientists invited 215 native speakers of six languages: Arabic, Chinese, Finnish, French, German and Spanish. The participants listened to pairs of words in a language they didn’t speak, and guessed which word in each pair was offensive. In reality, all the words were invented. For example, the researchers started with the Albanian word “zog,” for “bird,” and created the pair of fake words “yog” and “tsog.” Participants were more likely to guess that words without approximants, such as “tsog,” were curses.
Finally, the researchers combed through the dictionary for English curse words and their cleaned-up versions. Once again, the clean versions included more of the sounds I, L, R, W and Y.
A 20th-century linguistic principle claimed that the sounds of words were arbitrary: Any word could have any meaning. With curse words, though, as in other cases of sound symbolism, “the sounds themselves seem to carry meaning,” said Lev-Ari. “That’s a new thing,” said linguist Benjamin Bergen. “Curse words across languages, unrelated to each other, may pattern similarly.” He also pointed out, to make sure the pattern of approximants missing from curses isn’t an accident, it would be nice to find it in an even larger sample of languages.
1. What is the purpose of McKay and Lev-Ari’s research?A.To analyze a phenomenon. | B.To explain a definition. |
C.To confirm an assumption. | D.To challenge a theory. |
A.To tell the rude word according to its sound. |
B.To make up new curse words from real words. |
C.To decide which curse words are used more frequently. |
D.To identify the approximants in curse words. |
A.Tusck | B.Sola | C.Darn | D.Biach |
A.The old linguistic principle of sounds and meanings is wrong. |
B.In sound symbolism, a word’s sound represents its meaning. |
C.The research reveals the similarities between different languages. |
D.The result of the research is not fully accepted by scientists. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】What makes one person feel loved isn't always the same for another. In fact, everyone understands and receives love in a specific language—four to be exact —which speaks more deeply to you than all the others. Since we all give and receive love differently, discovering each other’s language promotes a healthy relationship.
Language one: Words of Acknowledgement
Language two:
Actions speak louder than words. It's what you do that eases your partner's burden of responsibility. These service acts could be opening a door, doing their laundry, or picking up a prescription.These acts show that you care about your partner and your life together.
Language three: Quality Time
It is about spending time with each other and giving each other your undivided attention.
Language four:Physical Touch
It is a direct way to communicate affection; it's healing, reassuring, and calming. People who speak this love language enjoy any kind of physical touch whether it is hand-holding, kissing pats on the back or hugs.
A.Acts of Service. |
B.Housework Matters. |
C.The appreciation doesn’t have to be complicated. |
D.They communicate and emphasize love without words. |
E.Read on to learn and understand more about the four 1anguages of love |
F.Due to technology, people often are texting, or scrolling through social media instead of spending quality time together. |
G.On the contrary, negative comments can hurt this person and be aware that he or she may take longer to forgive than others. |
【推荐2】Reading out loud is one of the most useful ways to practice when you are learning a foreign language. If you want to improve your fluency, you should read a lot, and not silently but out loud!
This competition is designed to encourage all the Chinese learners to read Chinese out loud. And we hope to introduce the importance of reading out loud when learning Chinese. Also, we have brilliant prizes for the top three competitors! We look forward to hearing from you reading Chinese stories, poems, tongue twisters, lyrics, etc. We would post the recordings on our official account anonymously (匿名) and ask everyone to vote online for the recordings.
The top six will get the prizes below:
First prize (1 person): 5 hours one-to-one Chinese lesson
Second prize (2 people): 3 hours one-to-one Chinese lesson
Third prize (3 people): one 200 RMB voucher (代金券) for our course
Timeline
Please choose one from the ten materials given to you at the bottom of this web page, from 6 to 10 are lyrics, you can read or sing.
Sign up before 11 p.m., 16th of February.
Record the name: your file with your name and nationality (eg: Mike+US)
Send your recordings to hanlinmandarin@163.com, before 7 p.m., 19th of February.
We will post the anonymous recordings on HLC official account on the 21st of February. Vote online from 21st of February to 25th of February.
The result would be posted on HLC official account on the 26th of February.
If you don’t know Chinese characters, you can copy them and change them into pinyin on the following website https://www.pinyinzi.com/hanzipinyin/.
1. What is the competition intended to do?A.To encourage more people to learn Chinese. |
B.To inspire Chinese learners to read out loud. |
C.To introduce how to learn a foreign language. |
D.To stress the importance of Chinese learning. |
A.Reading materials. | B.Names of winners. |
C.Rules of the competition. | D.Lists of prizes. |
A.On the 16th of February. | B.On the 19th of February. |
C.On the 21st of February. | D.On the 26th of February. |
【推荐3】Esperanto (世界语) was created in the late 1800s by Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, a Polish medical doctor. He alone built the basis for the language and helped introduce it into the world.
Though Zamenhof’s profession was a physician, he was no amateur (外行) in languages. Zamenhol said Russian was his mother tongue — the area of Poland he lived in was then part of the Russian Federation — but he generally spoke Polish everyday. Evidence also shows that he learned Yiddish from his mother and that he studied German, English, Spanlsh, Lithuanian, Italian and French. In addition, Zamenhof learned the classical languages Hebrew, Latin and Aramaic in school. Esperanto was not the first constructed language he’d dealt with. First, he learned a bit of Volapuk (沃拉普克语), which was invented in Germany a decade before Esperanto. Having command of so many languages had a great impact on his creation of Esperanto, which was Zamenhof’s 14th language.
During his life, Zamenhof became extremely interested in the idea of creating a tolerant world, free from the horrors (恐怖) of war. He dreamed of a day when people could come together. To make this world a reality, he decided the best thing he could do was make an international language. It would not be anyone’s mother tongue, but people can quickly learn it as a second language to make conversation easily with people from anywhere in the world.
Why would Zamenhof create Esperanto when English basically already was used as an international language? The problem is that using English gives a huge advantage to people and places that already speak English. Esperanto tries to bypass political and cultural problems by being a neutral (中性的) language. Yet Esperanto is not without flaw. It was strongly influenced by European language, which can put people who speak Asian languages at a distinct disadvantage in learning and speaking Esperanto. Esperanto’s simple rules might make it easier to learn than other languages for an Asian speaker, but it still loses some of its “neutrality”.
1. Which language was Zamenhof’s mother tongue?A.Russian. | B.German. | C.Spanish. | D.Italian. |
A.he had mastered Volapuk | B.he had been to many countries |
C.he was an amateur in learning languages | D.he was influenced by the 13 languages he had learnt |
A.His family background. | B.His desire for a peaceful world. |
C.His interest in classical languages. | D.His experience as an international student. |
A.Significance. | B.Difficulty. | C.Weakness. | D.Contribution. |
【推荐1】Dhruv Jain, who presented this new system, shares that the main motivation for the creation of this app came from his own experience and conversations that his colleagues and he had had with deaf and hard-of hearing people over several years. He presented the phone and smartwatch application called SoundWatch.
Jain, who has trouble hearing, uses SoundWatch at home to avoid seeping through a smoke alarm. He also says that on a nature walk, it will tell him that birds are singing and that there is a waterfall nearby. The sounds make him feel more present and connected to the world.
Such sound awareness applications for smartphones already exist. However, Jain prefers the immediacy of sound notifications (告知) on his wrist, rather than in his pocket. Surveys of deaf people or those who are hard of hearing show that he is not alone.
The SoundWatch application pairs an Android phone or smartwatch. The watch records ambient (环境的) noises. It then sends the data to the smartphone for processing. When the phone detects a sound of interest, the smartwatch vibrates and a notification is displayed on its face.
Jain, who is a computer scientist at the Washington University in Seattle, and colleagues designed the application to identify up to twenty noises. During the experiments, the SoundWatch application correctly identified those twenty sounds 81.2% of the time.
When it’s set to listen only for door knocks, fire alarms, alarm clocks, or other urgent noises, the app shows 97. 6% accuracy. Eight hard-of hearing and deaf people who used the application around a university campus gave the app broadly favorable reviews. However, it should be noted that the app misclassified some of the noisy outdoor settings and sounds.
Jain and his colleagues are now working on a newer version of SoundWatch that users can train to recognize new sounds, such as their house alarm, using just a few recordings.
1. Compared with the already-existing sound awareness app for smartphones, what is the advantage?A.Quick to recognize. | B.Convenient to carry. |
C.Easy to apply. | D.Cheap to make. |
A.Make a sound. | B.Shake quickly. |
C.Give a verbal warning. | D.Move forward. |
A.It is quite perfect. | B.It can identify any noise. |
C.It is widely used. | D.It needs improvement. |
A.SoundWatch Application: The Fist App or People with Hearing Loss |
B.Sound Awareness Application: The Best App for People Who Cannot Hear |
C.A Sound Awareness App Identifies Different Kinds of Noises for the Old |
D.A SmartWatch APP Can Warn People with Hearing Loss of Nearby Sounds |
【推荐2】Shopping is not as simple as you may think! There are all sorts of tricks at play each time we reach out for that particular brand of product on the shelf.
Coloring, for example, varies according to what the producers are trying to sell. Health foods are packaged in greens, yellows or browns because we think of these as healthy colors. Ice cream packets are often blue and expensive goods, like chocolates, are gold or silver.
When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white package — blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.
The size of a product can attract a shopper. But quite often a bottle doesn’t contain as much as it appears to.
It is believed that the better-known companies spend, on average, 70 percent of the total cost of the product itself on packaging!
The most successful producers know that it’s not enough to have a good product. The founder of Pears soap, who for 25 years has used pretty little girls to promote (推销) their goods, came to the conclusion: “Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it.”
1. Which of the following may trick a shopper into buying a product according to the text?A.The cost of its package. |
B.The price of the product. |
C.The color of its package. |
D.The brand name of the product. |
A.attracted the customers strongly |
B.caused the customers to lose interest |
C.tricked the customers into shopping |
D.had weak effects on the customers |
A.The way to promote goods. |
B.The team to produce a good product. |
C.The discovery of a genius. |
D.The brand name used by successful producers. |
A.Choice of Good Products |
B.Disadvantages of Products |
C.Effect of Packaging on Shopping |
D.Brand Names and Shopping Tricks |
【推荐3】“I’m dying of boredom!”complained Yelena, who performed in Chekhov’s 1897 play UncleVanya. “I don’t know what to do!” Of course, if Yelena were around today, she’d pull out her smartphone to find something amusing, like Tik Tok. It’s easy to kill the time. However, is boredom entirely good for nothing? What if it is a meaningful experience—one that leads us to states of deeper thoughtfulness or creativity?
That’s the conclusion of two fascinating recent studies. In one, researchers asked a group of subjects to do something boring, like copying out numbers from a phone book, and then take tests of creative thinking, such as designing uses for a pair of cups. As a result, bored subjects came up with more ideas than a non-bored control group, and their ideas were often more creative. In the second study, subjects who took an “associative thought” word test came up with more answers when they’d been required to watch a dull screensaver (屏保).
Boredom might bring creativity because a restless mind hungers for stimulation. “Boredom becomes a seeking state. What you’re doing now is not satisfying. So you’re seeking and get engaged.” says Sandi Mann, a psychologist at the University of Central Lancashire. Kierkegaard, a philosopher, described jokingly, “The gods were bored; therefore they created human beings.” However, what worries Mann is that these days we don’t enjoy these slow moments. Instead, we resist them. “We try to beat every moment of boredom in our lives with mobile devices,” says Mann, who claims she often gets some of her best thinking done when she’s on the bus. “The smartphone might relieve us temporarily, but it shuts down the deeper thinking that can come from staring down the boredom. Noodling on your phone is like eating junk food.” she says.
So here’s an idea: instead of always fleeing boredom, lean into it. Sometimes, shutting down your Internet connection for a while will enforce a higher level of productivity.
1. Why did Yelena make a complaint?A.She was dying soon. | B.She forgot her smartphone. |
C.She hated her role in the play. | D.She was feeling too bored. |
A.Someone waiting at a bus stop. | B.Someone lost in phone games. |
C.Someone busy with the work. | D.Someone reading a novel. |
A.Because people get used to slow moments. |
B.Because people attempt to get rid of boredom. |
C.Because people become addicted to junk food. |
D.Because people are dependent on mobile devices. |
A.Every State Counts | B.Watch Out for Boredom |
C.Gateway to Creativity | D.All Creativity Comes from Boredom |