Coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life. Despite only covering 0.2 percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species, as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people.
However, coral reefs across the world are under threat. Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(漂白). It happens when the corals lose colored algae(海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white. Without the algae, the corals lose their main food source and can die. In addition, as oceans become more acidic(酸性的) from absorbing CO2, corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs.
In 2021, the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years. Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef, four times since 2016. Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.
Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected. Thankfully, they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected. They contain corals with better heat resistance. So their research focus on finding genes(基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations. Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival.
Ultimately, scientists add that without a serious reduction in greenhouse gas, 99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century. There is a limit to how quickly corals can adapt warm climate, but if temperatures rise rapidly, then extinction is certain.
1. Which is the main threat to coral reefs?A.Declining ocean acidification. | B.Loss of colored algae. |
C.Increasing sea temperatures. | D.Lack of food source. |
A.No actions are taken to protect coral reefs. | B.Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia. |
C.Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years. | D.Coral reefs receive impacts globally. |
A.Lowering emission. | B.Transplanting them to the hot parts. |
C.Relying on genes science. | D.Limiting their spread. |
A.Where Are Coral Reefs Spread? | B.How Can Coral Reefs Survive? |
C.Coral Reefs, A New Threat To Ocean Life | D.Coral Reefs, A Busy Underwater Community |
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【推荐1】Efforts to preserve the Amazon rainforest, which supports immense biodiversity and locks away tons of climate threatening carbon, are growing more urgent as the ecosystem’s destruction speeds up. Indigenous (当地的) peoples have been trying to protect the region by patrolling (巡逻) their territorial boundaries for illegal activities. But rapid deforestation continues.
A recent study shows that combining on-the-ground monitoring with satellite data and smartphone technology could help put the brakes (刹车) on Amazon deforestation —and potentially that of forests elsewhere.
Illegal logging, agriculture and coca cultivation particularly threaten the Amazon in the Peruvian Indigenous communities and outsiders are often the culprits (罪魁祸首). The research team wondered if providing training for local people to use satellite based “early deforestation alerts (警报)” could help. The scientists cooperated with 76 Indigenous communities, 36 of which participated in using these alerts to watch over the forest. Over the next two years these trained participants were paid to work as forest monitors and received monthly alerts via the app when satellite data indicated local forest losses. Monitors investigated alerts, patrolled for deforestation in other areas and reported confirmed tosses back to their communities, which decided whether to deal with the culprits on their own or inform state authorities.
The researchers analyzed the same forest-loss satellite data from the given time period in all 76 communities. They found the early-alert program reduced forest loss by 8.4 hectares in the first two year — a 52% reduction compared with the average loss in the control communities.
Experts say this approach to tackling Amazonian deforestation looks promising. “Would this work in all communities that have high risk of deforestation? Given the results, it’s worth a try,” says Catherine Tucker, a researcher at the University of Florida. “But some communities may not have access to the resources needed for such a program, or their territories may hold valuable minerals that would increase the risk of deforestation by outsiders despite monitoring efforts,” wrote Francisco Hernandez Cayctano, a community member involved in the research, “we as Indigenous peoples ask the world for support.”
1. Why did the research team conduct the program?A.To stop carbon being locked away. | B.To tackle Amazon deforestation. |
C.To monitor satellite movement. | D.T control illegal activities. |
A.By offering locals training in using a smartphone app. |
B.By combining local monitoring with smartphone alerts. |
C.By organizing native people to fight against the outsiders. |
D.By equipping local forest with satellite data and monitors. |
A.Pessimistic. | B.Objective. | C.Approving. | D.Sympathetic. |
A.Local Monitors Trained for Forest Loss. | B.Satellite Data Cure Deforestation. |
C.Outsiders Are to Blame for Forest Loss. | D.Smart Patrol Fights Deforestation. |
【推荐2】Japan's government announced Tuesday, April 13, 2021 that it would start releasing treated radioactive water from the wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean in two years.
It's a move that's fiercely opposed by fishermen, residents and Japan's neighbors.
15 April, the first meeting of the China-ROK dialogue and cooperation mechanism of maritime affairs was held. The two countries urged Japan to fully consult with international institutions and neighboring countries, and cautiously handle the issue on the basis of participation by relevant countries and international institutions. This is the common position of the two sides. To protect the health of their own people and international marine environment, China and the ROK, as Japan's close neighbors and stakeholders, expressed grave concerns and strong dissatisfaction. This is perfectly natural and justified.
Assessment report of the IAEA experts says that the treated water from the Fukushima nuclear plant contains other radionuclides apart from tritium. According to Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the nuclear wastewater contains a total of 62 radionuclides. In August 2018, environmentalists found by analyzing data released by TEPCO that iodine-129 levels went off the chart for 60 times in the year 2017. The amount of strontium in the water is also well above the limit. It is reported that Canada has detected radioactivecaesium-134 in salmon from its west coast. In waters near Hawaii, the amount of radioactive materials is twice it was before. These are signs that nuclear pollution from Fukushima may have already spread to North America.
The oceans are not Japan's trash can; and the Pacific Ocean is not Japan's sewer. Japan should not expect the world to pay the bill for its treatment of wastewater. The lesson from Japan's Minamata disease is not far behind us. It should reevaluate the issue and control releasing the wastewater before reaching agreement with all stakeholders and the IAEA through full consultations. China reserves the right to make further reactions.
1. Which of the following will the author agree with?A.Japan will pour untreated radioactive water into Pacific Ocean. |
B.Either China or ROK stands opposite to Japan. |
C.The nuclear wastewater was predicted to contain 62 radionuclides. |
D.Japan's Minamata disease has taught us a lesson. |
A.Approving | B.Disapproving | C.Not mentioned | D.Neutral |
A.set off the anger of the public |
B.were much higher than the standard |
C.went against the requirement of the international institution. |
D.disappeared from the rank chart for qualification |
A.Japan shocked the world by releasing radioactive water. |
B.Japan plans to put the treated nuclear wastewater into the Pacific. |
C.The Pacific Ocean-Japan's trash producer? |
D.Is Japan going to reevaluate its behaviour? |
【推荐3】More than half the world’s population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing. Such a construction increase is a bad sign for dealing with climate change, because making steel and concrete, two of the most common building materials, generates around 8% of the world’s CO2 emissions (排放). If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else.
Wood is one of the most promising sustainable (可持续的) alternatives to steel and concrete. It is not, however, everyday wood that is attracting the interest of architects.
Rather, it is a material called engineered timber. This is a combination of different layers, each designed to meet the requirements of specific parts such as floors, panels and beams (横梁). Designers can use it to provide levels of strength like steel, in a product that is up to 80% lighter. In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site.
According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round. But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage. A family-sized apartment requires about 30 cubic metres of timber, and he estimates Europe’s sustainable forests alone grow that amount every seven seconds. Nor is fire a risk, for engineered timber does not burn easily. Besides, fireproofing layers can be added to the timber. All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life.
1. Why is India mentioned in paragraph 1?A.To point out the severe pollution. |
B.To predict the population increase. |
C.To indicate the high degree of urbanization. |
D.To show the great need for building materials. |
A.It is produced at a low cost. |
B.It hardly appeals to architects. |
C.It helps save energy in transportation. |
D.It possesses greater strength than steel. |
A.Becomes cheaper. | B.Gains popularity. |
C.Requires less work. | D.Proves sustainable. |
A.Making Future Cities More Attractive |
B.Living in a World with Less Emission |
C.Building Sustainable Cities with Woods |
D.Growing More Trees for Future Building |
【推荐1】The next time you need to get somewhere, you may be able to follow your nose. A study has found that a strong sense of smell is associated with a strong sense of direction.
Researchers conducted an experiment at McGill University in Canada. Fifty-seven adults were invited to participate in a virtual"way-finding task"in which they had to make their way around a virtual environment. They were given 20 minutes to learn about the virtual city. After having passed by each of eight landmarks at least twice, the participants were placed in front of one of the landmarks and asked to find the most direct route to one assigned by the researchers.
The participants also smelled 40 scented(有香气的)pens one at a time. After a brief sniff, the participants chose one word that best identified the smell from four words on a screen.
An additional exercise used a virtual maze(迷宫)to determine if the participants were more likely to rely on landmarks to find the way or if they used a more habit-based method built over time as people travelled the same route over and over again.
What the researchers found was that those with the ability to correctly identify the smells of the pens also had the easiest time performing the way-finding task by way of landmarks. A strong sense of smell was not identified in the participants who used the more habit-based method.
The connection between the sense of smell and way-finding likely came about as a result of the evolution of the nervous system. The original function of the sense of smell in humans may have been intended to support our spatial memory.
Keep that in mind the next time you get lost going to the dentist. It won't prevent you from getting horribly lost, but it's good food for thought along the way.
1. How did the researchers carry out the study?A.By using typical landmarks in a real city. |
B.By combining virtual tests with real-life tests. |
C.By testing different senses in a virtual environment. |
D.By collecting routine observation data from the participants. |
A.Decide whether they liked the smell. |
B.Use a sentence to describe the smell. |
C.Choose a suitable word for the smell. |
D.Find the landmark that featured the smell. |
A.The way of using landmarks. |
B.More experience in describing things. |
C.Quick adjustment to the virtual world. |
D.A more habit-based way-finding method. |
A.the situation | B.the position |
C.the spirit | D.the time |
【推荐2】Most e-bikes have rechargeable lithium-ion (锂离子) batteries, the same as those in smartphones and laptops. All these batteries have the potential to fail when damaged, overcharged or operated in extreme temperature conditions. E-bike batteries, though, are much bigger—between 50 to 100 times more—than the ones in our personal electronics, and thus pose a greater risk.
On May 20, a folding bike in a South London apartment began smoking, and within seconds a big flame erupted. According to Dom Ellis, deputy commissioner for the London Fire Brigade, the bike’s owner purchased it second-hand and bought an aftermarket battery from an unappointed online marketplace.
Lithium-ion batteries are popular because they’re easily rechargeable. But if something fails, they can overheat, said Anna Stefanopoulou, professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan. This kicks off a bad cycle called thermal runaway. The melting battery materials fuel the flames, giving off more heat, and that heat also creates a flammable gas, she said. In other words, when a battery breaks down, the fire is self-sustaining and hot.
Electric cars also contain lithium-ion batteries, but fires are less common compared with e-bikes. Cars have cooling systems and their batteries are more protected, she said. E-bikes, on the other hand, don’t have temperature regulators (调节器) and their batteries are more exposed to the environment and possible impact, so minor flaws (缺陷) can become problems, Stefanopoulou added. She said the cheaper batteries can suffer from problems and low-quality control.
E-bike riders also tend to use their batteries more aggressively. A huge battery in an electric car can last more than 200 miles, and drivers top them off regularly. E-bike owners are used to draining (耗尽) their batteries again and again throughout the week, which can add to the stress.
1. Why are e-bike batteries much more dangerous than the ones in our phones?A.They use different materials. | B.They are easy to overcharge or damage. |
C.They are much larger in volume. | D.They need more frequent recharging. |
A.It was purchased from another user second-hand. |
B.It was provided by an unqualified producer. |
C.It was already out of date when bought second-hand. |
D.Its original battery was replaced with an aftermarket one. |
A.Why they are popular. | B.How they are recharged. |
C.Why they cause big fires. | D.What often causes their failure. |
A.Recharge the battery every day. |
B.Never choose cheaper batteries to save money. |
C.Select a battery with a temperature regulator. |
D.Use the battery as often as possible. |
Samantha Cristoforetti . 2022/10/12 …仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听之娱,信可乐也。Looking up, I see the immensity of the cosmos; bowing my head, I look at the multitude of the world. The gaze flies, the heart expands, the joy of the senses can reach its peak, & indeed, this is true happiness. ESA及另外4人 |
Besides ‘‘wow” and “great”, what else would you say when flying over the Earth in space? Samantha Cristoforetti, an Italian female astronaut, posted several lines of a famous ancient Chinese composition on Twitter during her mission at the International Space Station to share her joy.
She first wrote in Chinese, and then attached an accurate translation of the lines in both Italian and English to help more people understand. The text she quoted is from the Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion, a Chinese calligraphy masterpiece by Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. She also attached three photos taken in space of China’s Bohai Bay and the day-night view of Beijing.
The beauty of space and Chinese literature resonated on Cristoforetti’s Twitter account. Her post went viral on Twitter with thousands of retweets, likes and replies in a few hours. “Her quotation of the lines shows that she observed the universe with the vision of Chinese civilization while observing China from space,” one user comments. “A European astronaut in space recites Chinese ancient poetry, how romantic,” says another.
Cristoforetti has been highly praised for her Chinese language skills. The Italian speaks half a dozen languages and has previously taken part in joint training between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the China Manned Space Agency. Apart from Cristoforetti, Matthias Maurer, a German astronaut from ESA who went to China together with Cristoforetti for the joint training, can also speak fluent Chinese. Since China and Europe have had friendly cooperation in the field of manned space flight, many foreign astronauts have shown great interest in learning Chinese.
ESA Director General Josef Aschbacher is positive about the unifying spirit of space exploration. He said, “Space is international. There is no way to put a boundary in space—because the space station and the satellites fly around the earth, cross boundaries, cross cultures, cross religions and different divides in terms of philosophy and history.”
While there may be many problems between nations here on Earth, in space, cooperation is strong.
1. What made Cristoforetti post the message on the Internet?A.The desire to show off her Chinese. |
B.The amazement at the view of the space. |
C.The wish to work with Chinese astronauts. |
D.The duty of popularizing space knowledge. |
A.Cristoforetti spread Chinese civilization on her Twitter account. |
B.Cristoforetti’s success in learning Chinese encouraged others. |
C.Cristoforetti’s post became a hit on the Internet. |
D.Cristoforetti is a genius at learning languages. |
A.Space exploration settles differences between nations. |
B.The longing for solving problems on Earth is universal. |
C.Mastering more than one language is a trend among astronauts. |
D.Cooperation in the space field bridges the gap between cultures. |