Suppose you come across two doctors. One is handsome while the other looks plain. Who would you trust with your surgery? Most people would probably want to get treated by the handsome one. And most people are likely to be wrong about that.
When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them.
The halo effect was once studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike, who asked flight commanders to evaluate their pilots in various distinct aspects such as physical appearance, intelligence, and leadership. He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills — a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influence the specific qualities they credited to their pilots. Some pilots profited from their halo.
The halo effect also explains why some teachers give better-looking students higher grades. One study looked at the grades of 4,500 pupils, who were sorted by volunteers into three groups: below-average, average, and above-average looking. The researchers then compared students’ grades between classes taken in conventional classrooms with those taken online where there was no face-to-face interaction. The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms.
Since the physical appearance of good-looking people seems to naturally make them also appear intelligent, strong, and trustworthy, here is one good rule. If you meet with an accident and have to choose between two equally qualified doctors, ignore their halo and choose the less handsome one. He might have worked twice as hard to gain the same reputation and is likely better at his job.
1. What is the purpose of the second paragraph?A.To explore a natural wonder. |
B.To spread scientific knowledge. |
C.To explain a psychological tendency. |
D.To interpret social rules at the workplace. |
A.In a general way. | B.With common sense. |
C.From a specific aspect. | D.By an objective criterion. |
A.They were fairly treated by their teachers. |
B.They were less attentive in online courses. |
C.They probably had natural learning abilities. |
D.They were overvalued in conventional classes. |
A.It relieves appearance anxiety. |
B.It leads to inaccurate judgments. |
C.It causes trust crisis among people. |
D.It intensifies workplace competition. |
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【推荐1】Although vaccines are required for entry into school in most places in the United States, the government does allow for exceptions, like religious reasons.
In the last few years, the rates of vaccine-preventable illness have been on the rise. In most cases, these outbreaks began with children who were unvaccinated. To deal with this threat, some schools in New York have been refusing to allow unvaccinated children to attend school. Several parents thought this was unfair and filed lawsuits. Just recently, though, a court ruled in favor of the city schools.
The court made the right decision. Vaccine policy depends not only on the added protection that vaccines provide for those who get shots, but also on the decreased likelihood that anyone will come into contact with the disease. This is known as community immunity. It refers to the fact that when enough people are immunized, then there really can’t be an outbreak. And if there can’t be an outbreak, then everyone is protected.
This is important, because there are people who cannot be given immunizations for various reasons. For example, small babies can’t be given all vaccines.
In 1995, the chicken pox vaccine was introduced in the United States. Over time, more and more children received it. In 2011, a study looked at how the program affected the number of children who died from the disease.
The first thing noted in the paper was that death from chicken pox went down considerably after the vaccine was introduced. From 2001 through 2007, the rates of death remained much lower, with just a few children dying from chicken pox nationally each year.
What’s more from 2004 through 2007, not one child less than 1 year of age died in the United States from chicken pox. This is important, because we cannot give the chicken pox vaccine to babies. In other words, all those babies were saved not because we vaccinated them against this illness, but because older children were.
Therefore, people who refuse to vaccinate their children aren’t just putting themselves at risk — they’re putting everyone else in danger, too.
1. Whose interest did the judges take into consideration?A.Students’. | B.School leaders’. | C.Several parents’. | D.Unvaccinated kids’. |
A.Requiring everyone to be immune. |
B.Vaccinating babies as early as possible. |
C.Making sure enough people get vaccinated. |
D.Separating unvaccinated people from vaccinated. |
A.The vaccine is safe for every kid. | B.No deaths have been seen since 2004. |
C.The vaccine has lowered the death rate. | D.The vaccine is more effective among babies. |
A.No vaccine, no risk. | B.No vaccine, no school. |
C.Vaccination is a personal choice. | D.Vaccine-preventable illness is dropping. |
【推荐2】Rainforests are disappearing at a surprisingly fast speed, largely due to human development over the past few centuries. Once covering 14% of land on Earth, rainforests now make up only 6%. Since 1947, the total area of rainforests has probably been reduced by more than half, to about 6.2 to 7.8 million square kilometers.
Many biologists expect rainforests will lose 5-10% of their species every ten years. Rapid deforestation could cause many important rainforest habitats to disappear completely in the next hundred years.
Such rapid habitat loss is due to the fact that 100 acres of rainforest are cleared every minute for agricultural and industrial development. In the Pacific Northwest’s rainforests, logging companies cut down trees for wood used in building while paper industries use the wood for pulp. In the Amazon rainforest, large agricultural industries clear large parts of forests for growing crops. In the Congo rainforest, roads and other infrastructure (基础建设) development have reduced habitat and cut off living areas for many rainforest species. Throughout both the Amazon and Congo, logging operations clear-cut to build roads or for other purposes. Some rainforests are threatened by large hydroelectric power projects. Development is encroaching on rainforest habitats from all sides.
Economic inequalities increase this rapid deforestation. Many rainforests are located in developing countries with economies based on natural resources. Wealthy nations drive need for products, and economic development increases energy use. These needs encourage local governments to develop rainforest at a slow speed. Poor people who live on or near these lands are also motivated to improve their lives by changing forests into farmland.
1. What feeling does the author want to convey by listing figures?A.Frustrated. | B.Disgusted. | C.Inspired. | D.Concerned. |
A.The demand for numerous products. |
B.The motivation from local governments. |
C.The construction of fundamental facilities. |
D.The cooperation with developing countries. |
A.Tearing up. | B.Relying on. | C.Holding back. | D.Benefiting from. |
A.Changes of Rainforests | B.Threats to Rainforests |
C.Comments on Rainforests | D.Projects in Rainforests |
【推荐3】For more than 5,000 years, chopsticks have been the preferred dining utensil (用具) of a sizable swath of humanity. Nowadays, around a third of the global population uses chopsticks daily. This is both a fact of life and these implements are often single-use, a serious environmental problem.
Every year, around 80 billion pairs find their way to landfills. “In Vancouver alone, we’re throwing out 100,000 chopsticks a day,” says Felix Böck, founder of the Vancouver-based startup ChopValue. “They’re traveling 6,000 or 7,000 miles from where they’re manufactured in Asia to end up on our lunch table for 30minutes.”
Since 2016, Böck has been on a mission to rethink disposable chopsticks. Rather than try to eliminate them, the engineer has been building a circular economy by giving them a second life. In their home base of Vancouver, company staff pick up around 350,000 used chopsticks from 300-plus restaurants every week, all of which become book shelves, cutting boards, coasters, desks, and custom decorations. According to Böck, the startup has saved more than 50 million pairs of chopsticks from landfills since its launch.
“Once you see the volume, you think maybe that little humble chopstick can be the start of something big,” Böck says. “My expertise is in bamboo, so I always looked at chopsticks differently. I used to joke to my friends that I would make something out of chopsticks, since most of the ones we use in North America are made of bamboo.”
Chopsticks are far from the only disposable dining implement to come under scrutiny in recent years. From plastic straws to polystyrene takeout containers, many components of our food cycle sacrifice environmental impact for convenience.
“I think change starts small, and change can be a very relatable thing that we all know from daily life,” Böck says. “Right now, we’re focusing on the chopstick because it’s a very powerful story.”
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.The excessive use of the disposable chopsticks can cause a serious environmental problem. |
B.Using chopsticks presents a threatening environmental issue. |
C.Chopsticks aren’t preferred dining tool for people until nowadays. |
D.Chopsticks can’t be used many times. |
A.To destroy them | B.To recycle them. |
C.To decorate them. | D.To resell them. |
A.knock out | B.kill off |
C.throw out | D.remove completely |
A.A book review. | B.A medical journal. |
C.An environmental magazine. | D.A biography. |
【推荐1】In 1998, people in Na Doi, a quiet village in northwest Thailand, noticed that their fish catches in the nearby Ngao River were declining. The fish they did manage to net were also getting smaller. Together, Na Doi’s 75 households decided to try a new solution: they would set aside a small stretch of river to be strictly off-limits to fishing.
The rules are usually simple: no fishing of any kind in an agreed-upon area marked by flags or signs. While freshwater reserves won’t solve everything, in places where fish populations are under pressure, they can give species much-needed breathing room to rebuild their numbers, ultimately making them better able to weather other environmental problems.
Na Doi was the second village in the Ngao River valley to adopt this pioneering approach to freshwater fisheries management. Since the late 1990s, at least 50 other villages there have done the same. As a whole, the entirely grassroots-led reserves have been surprisingly successful, according to findings recently published in Nature. Most importantly, the Thailand case provides probably the best real-world proof that fisheries reserves can benefit not just oceans, but freshwater, too
In 2012. Aaron Koning, then a doctoral student at the University of Wisconsin, began investigating the Ngao River valley reserves to see how widespread and successful they truly were. Koning found, not surprisingly, that older and bigger reserves were more successful, because they offered more time and space—including more kinds of habitat—in which to rebuild fish populations and re-establish rare species. But even reserves established in the last couple of years showed clear benefits from being spared intense fishing pressure. “Reserves that were located closer to a village tended to have an advantage,” Koning says, “probably because villagers were better able to enforce the rules.”
By comparing different systems and approaches around the world, Koning and his colleagues hope to identify common factors for success that could be tailored to diverse rivers and lakes.
1. What drove Na Doi to create freshwater reserves?A.The declining of the freshwater. |
B.The success of the nearby villages. |
C.The increasing fish populations. |
D.The worsening of the fishing conditions. |
A.Fisheries reserves are helpful in freshwater. |
B.Thailand is a pioneer in fisheries management. |
C.The Thailand approach has been applied worldwide. |
D.Many fish species need to rebuild their numbers, |
A.had better rules | B.were bigger and older |
C.had more fish populations | D.were created more recently |
A.Grassroots-led Reserves Inspire the Worlds |
B.Fisheries Reserves Benefit Thailand Rivers |
C.Investigate the Ngao River Valley Reserves |
D.Na Doi Is Leading Thailand to a Better Future |
【推荐2】Moving to a foreign country is an amazing, life-changing experience. It’s an opportunity to meet new people, make yourself completely involved in a different culture and possibly learn another language. However, before embarking on such an adventure, there are some practical decisions that need to be made. One such decision is choosing where to live.
For me, choosing to live with a French family was the best choice I made, and here is why.
Firstly, a family can show you around the city or town and help you settle in, stopping you from feeling lonely. When you’re in a new environment with people you don’t know who are speaking a language you’re still not fluent in, you might feel lost, tired and homesick — I know I did. However, my host family were wonderful and welcoming; they showed me which buses to take to get to work and cooked dinner for me so we could eat together, and took me with them on trips to the beach, the theatre and even a bullfight. These were great opportunities to experience French culture and build relationships, which in turn helped me feel more comfortable and welcome.
Moreover, living with French people has been brilliant for helping me improve my language skills. Being constantly exposed to authentic French conversation has allowed me to learn new phrases, widen my vocabulary and even improve my accent. My host family are happy to answer my questions and correct me when I say things wrong, which makes me a better and more confident French speaker.
Finally, the experience of living abroad is one that you will remember forever, and perhaps the friendships — like the memories — will also last. Your host family might become your friends for life. You might return for their birthdays, weddings, holidays, and much more. I hope to remain in contact with my host family long after I leave France because when I was away from my friends and loved ones, they welcomed me and made me part of their family.
1. What does the underlined phrase "embarking on" in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Remarking on. | B.Setting about. |
C.Depending on. | D.Putting about. |
A.In a dormitory. | B.In his own apartment. |
C.In a host family. | D.In his friend’s house. |
A.Improving his French skills. |
B.Feeling homesick and lonely. |
C.Making friends from different countries. |
D.Introducing English culture to the French. |
A.By making comparisons. | B.By following the order of time. |
C.By following the order of importance. | D.By listing detailed reasons. |
【推荐3】In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink (缩小) for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a sharp fall in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy.
The result is that in much of the world, the patter of tiny feet is being drowned out by the clatter of walking sticks. The prime examples of ageing countries are no longer just Japan and Italy but also include Brazil, Mexico and Thailand. By 2030 more than half the inhabitants of East and South-East Asia will be over 40. As the old die and are not fully replaced, populations are likely to shrink. Outside Africa, the world’s population is forecast to peak in the 2050s and end the century smaller than it is today. Even in Africa, the birth rate is falling fast.
Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners (养老金). While the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises.
Eventually, therefore, the world will have to make do with fewer youngsters-and perhaps with a shrinking population. With that in mind, recent advances in AI could not have come at a better time. AI economy might find it easy to support a greater number of retired people. Eventually AI may be able to generate ideas by itself, reducing the need for human intelligence. Such innovations will certainly be in high demand.
1. What does the underlined sentence mean in paragraph 2?A.The development of economy is affected by old people. |
B.There are more elderly people than young children. |
C.The world’s population is still increasing too fast. |
D.The birthrates vary in different parts of the world. |
A.The changes of age structure of populations. | B.The reasons why the population is declining. |
C.The situations where the baby bust occurs. | D.The consequences that low birthrates bring. |
A.AI can decide human beings’ future. |
B.AI can make humans’ intelligence lower. |
C.AI can help solve the problems of the baby bust. |
D.AI can take the place of humans’ looking after the old. |
A.To analyze a phenomenon. | B.To give practical advice. |
C.To tell an interesting story. | D.To present a research result. |