Flip-flops (人字拖) are the most popular type of shoe in the world. They’re comfortable, they’re easy to wear and they’re inexpensive. Unfortunately, most of them are also terrible for the environment. In Kenya, this is a huge problem, and around 90 tons of flip-flops wash up on its shores annually.
In the late 1990s, when Julie Church was working as a marine (海洋的) conservationist in Nairobi, she found an entire beach “just covered in flip-flops”. Around that time, Church also noticed children making toys out of the thousands of flip-flops that had made their way to the country’s beaches. She began working with the kids’ mothers to encourage them to not just collect the shoes, but also turn them into artworks. The families could then sell this art at local markets, providing another means of income.
The idea took off, and in 1998, Church founded Ocean Sole as a nonprofit. This year alone, the organization has upcycled more than 750,000 flip-flops and collected more than 47,000 kilos of waste. Additionally, Ocean Sole directly impacts more than 1,000 Kenyans, many of whom work as flip-flop collectors or artists, and contributes 10% to 15% of overall income to career and educational programs for residents, as well as beach cleanup and conservation efforts.
Ocean Sole is continuously growing and looking to keep waste off Kenya’s beaches and out of its water. When it comes to growing the Ocean Sole organization, Church has three “mantras (真言)”: trust to trade, trade to awareness, and awareness to protection. Church would like to put together toolkits and other resources to bring this concept to other places around the world that have similar problems. Ocean Sole is also encouraging companies to use more eco-friendly materials when making flip-flops. “I think it’s time for us to start looking for an alternative shoe, or an alternative material, to fit that kind of fashion need,” Church has said. “Our products need to develop.”
1. What was the main reason for founding the nonprofit?A.To help Kenyans get healthy. |
B.To develop children’s hands-on skills. |
C.To protect Kenya’s marine environment. |
D.To provide children with artistic flip-flops. |
A.It is growing in a controlled way. |
B.It has a smaller impact than expected. |
C.It is running for profit since founded. |
D.It has achieved many things with one move. |
A.Lead the fashion trend. | B.Advance their products. |
C.Practice her three “mantras”. | D.Develop global cooperation. |
A.Environmental challenges in Kenya. |
B.Flip-flops are out of date in Kenya. |
C.Ocean Sole turns flip-flops into art. |
D.Ocean Sole develops a new national art. |
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【推荐1】A start-up company backed by tech giants IBM and Microsoft plans to build thousands of artificial reefs across the globe to fight climate change by restoring coral reef (珊瑚礁) ecosystems.
The Reef Company plans to have its first reefs in the water by December 2022, and is encouraging more companies to fund reefs to offset (抵消) their carbon footprint. “We’ve calculated we need to build 2,500 reefs, each measuring 4 square kilometers, over the next 10 years to absorb the extra carbon we have on the planet at the moment,” says Jeroen van de Waal, founder of The Reef Company.
Coral reefs are home to 25% of all marine life. They provide a source of income for millions of people through fishing and tourism and protect coastal communities by reducing the power of waves before they reach the shore. Yet they’re under threat from global warming and 90% of all coral reefs could be lost by 2050 if nothing is done to protect them.
As well as improving biodiversity and storing carbon, The Reef Company, which is based in Portugal, hopes to give a boost to local economies and collect real-time data for researchers.
The artificial reefs are constructed from eco-friendly concrete made from recycled industrial waste and will feature consoles (控制台) filled with sensors that can measure how salty, warm and acid the ocean is. “The reefs will provide a continuously expanding set of connected sensors to gather and analyze data, generating insights in real time,” says Andrés Ortolá, managing director of Microsoft Portugal.
To act as a sink for carbon dioxide, the artificial reefs will need to support plants such as seagrass and mangroves alongside coral. While coral reefs use carbon to grow, the process also lowers the pH in the water, which results in the release of CO2. Benjamin Horton at the Earth Observatory of Singapore says artificial reefs will need to be well maintained to prove successful. “If the ecosystems are damaged, their carbon sink capacity will be affected, and the carbon stored will be released.”
1. What does the author mainly try to do in paragraph 3?A.Warn more companies of the extinction of coral reefs. |
B.Emphasize the economic benefits of artificial coral reefs. |
C.Show coral reefs play a role in fighting global warming. |
D.Tell why the efforts of The Reef Company are important. |
A.To help natural coral reefs recover. | B.To monitor new industrial resources. |
C.To keep track of ocean animals’ health. | D.To collect real-time data of the ocean. |
A.He shows no interest in the plan. | B.He is worried about the project. |
C.He finds artificial reefs useless. | D.He is hopeful about ecosystems. |
A.An attempt to fight climate change. | B.A company devoted to studying reefs. |
C.A creative way to build artificial reefs. | D.An international cooperation in science. |
【推荐2】For centuries, fishers in Narrangansett have fished in the waters of the northwestern Atlantic for herrings (鲱鱼). But as climate change warms the world’s seas, the herrings are disappearing at the southern end of their range and turning up more often at its northern edges. A study shows that concentrations of marine (海洋的) species populations have been shifting away from the equator (赤道) and toward the poles during the course of the past century. These movements could wreak havoc on food webs and endanger the livelihoods (生计) of fishers.
The tropical (热带的) water at the equator is well-known for having the richest diversity of marine life on Earth. The number of marine species naturally decreases gradually as you head towards the poles. Ecologists have assumed this global pattern has remained stable over recent centuries until now. Our recent study found the ocean around the equator has already become too hot for many species to survive, and that global warming is responsible. And as species flee to cooler water towards the poles, it’s likely to have deep impacts on marine ecosystems.
Losing species in tropical ecosystems means ecological adaptation to environmental changes is reduced, potentially damage ecosystem persistence. In subtropical ecosystems, species richness is increasing. This means there’ll be species invaders, and new competitive relationships. This could result in ecosystem collapse in which species go extinct and ecosystem services (such as food supplies) are permanently changed.
One way is to reduce our emissions aggressively. Other opportunities could also help safeguard biodiversity and hopefully minimize the worst impacts of it shifting away from the equator. Designing climate-smart reserves could further protect biodiversity from future changes. For example, reserves for marine life could be placed where the climate will be stable over the foreseeable future. We should take action without delay.
1. What does the underlined phrase “wreak havoc on” probably mean in Paragraph 1?A.Clarify | B.Classify. | C.Destroy. | D.Purify. |
A.Some species move to water in lower temperature. |
B.More marine species exist at the poles than the equator. |
C.The subtropical water has the most diverse marine species. |
D.The global pattern of the ecosystem remains unchanged now. |
A.The increase of species in subtropical ecosystem. |
B.The decline of ecological changes in the ocean. |
C.The temporary changes in ecosystem services. |
D.The effects of species’ immigration on marine ecosystem. |
A.To inform readers of the reduction of marine species. |
B.To appeal to readers to protect marine biodiversity. |
C.To predict the future of the marine ecosystem. |
D.To explain the reasons for global warming. |
【推荐3】People asked to imagine how flooding or droughts would affect particular people or places were more likely to engage in environmentally friendly actions.
Many people view climate change as a distant threat. But having them imagine the tangible (有形的) consequences of resulting droughts or floods may help change this idea and encourage proenvironmental behavior, a new study suggests.
Researchers asked 93 college students to read a report on temperature anomalies (异常),floods and other climate change-related events that have affected the island. The scientists then asked 62 of the participants to write down three ways in which such phenomena might impact their future lives. Half the people in that group were instructed to imagine such situations in detail. The remaining 31 students did not complete either the writing or imagining steps, acting as a control group.
All the participants then rated their ideas of climate change risks by responding to questions such as "How likely do you think it is that climate change is having serious impacts on the world?" They used a scale from 1 ("very unlikely") to 7 ("very likely"). The average score was higher among subjects who had been asked to envision detailed situations than among those who had not. The results were later confirmed in a second experiment involving 102 participants.
Participants in the first experiment who had imagined the effects of climate change were more likely to say they would use air conditioning in an energy-saving manner. In the second experiment, nearly two thirds of people in the visualizing (想象) group signed up to help clean a beach, compared with 43 percent in the nonvisualizing one. And when offered a choice of a vegetarian (素食主义的)or nonvegetarian lunch box, nearly half the visualizers selected the environmentally friendlier meatless choice-compared with about 28 percent of the nonvisualizers.
The researchers did not track people to see if they behaved differently in their day-to-day lives-something further studies should examine, says study co-author Wen-Bin Chiou. Moreover, the research ''should be done again in other places with other populations," says Robert Gifford, a professor of psychology at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, who was not involved in the work.
The findings could be applied to raise public concern about climate change, Chiou says. For example, he suggests that news reports about the phenomenon could include vivid descriptions of its effects on people,s lives and ask readers to imagine experiencing such impacts. Having virtual-reality demonstrations (展示)in local science museums of the consequences of climate change would be another way of putting the research into practice, Chiou adds.
1. Which of the following statements about the study is true? ______A.Only one experiment was carried out for the study. |
B.Professor Robert Gifford played a key role in the study. |
C.The control group only completed the writing step in the experiment. |
D.Participants asked to imagine detailed effects scored higher than those who weren't. |
A.it is true of other populations in other places |
B.more money will be donated to the people affected by climate change-related events |
C.people choose vegetarian lunch boxes in their daily lives |
D.climate change will cause people to think about joining in a control group |
A.the government call on people to live a low-carbon life |
B.people use air conditioning in an energy-saving manner |
C.people experience possible effects of climate change through virtual reality facilities |
D.news reports provide vivid descriptions of the effects of climate change on peoples5lives |
A.different people may have different reactions to climate change |
B.different forms of climate change may affect people's ideas in different ways |
C.people may change their behavior after thinking about the vivid impacts of climate change |
D.college students show great concern for the people affected by climate change |
【推荐1】While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.
Why isn’t complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity.
In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone: cortisol (皮质醇), a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity (免疫力).
The ill effects of our complaining aren’t merely limited to ourselves:
The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude.
A.Yet the harmful effects don’t stop there. |
B.Our brain is designed to work efficiently. |
C.they affect the working atmosphere as well. |
D.they are likely to involve those around us, too. |
E.This explains why certain thought patterns become habits. |
F.Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. |
G.Have you noticed that grateful people tend to enjoy others’ company? |
【推荐2】Oil and gas have made Qatar (卡塔尔) the richest country in the world-rich enough to be ready to spend $200 billion for the 2022 World Cup. But has limitless wealth brought the country happiness?
“We have become urban,” says Dr Kaltham Al Ghanim a professor at Qatar University. “Our social and economic life has changed-families have become separated; consumption culture has taken over.”
From desperate poverty less than a century ago, this, after all, has become the richest nation in the world. What’s less well understood is the influence of such rapid change on Qatari society itself. You can feel the pressure in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. The city is a building site, with whole districts either under construction or being destroyed for redevelopment. The local media report that 40% of Qatari marriages now end in divorce. More than two-thirds of Qataris, adults and children, are overweight.
Qataris benefit from free education, free healthcare, job guarantees, even free water and electricity, but abundance has created its own problems.“It’s confusing for graduates to be faced with 20 job offers,” one academic at an American university campus in Qatar says.“People feel huge pressure to make the right decision.”
In a society where Qataris are outnumbered roughly seven-to-one by foreigners, long-term residents (居民) speak of a growing frustration among graduates that the most satisfying jobs go to foreigners.
The sense is deepening that, in the rush for development, something important has been lost. Qatari family life is atomising. With children almost universally being raised by nannies (保姆) from the Philippines, Nepal or Indonesia, differences in culture and opinions are widening between the generations.
The 2022 football World Cup was held in Qatar. Mariam Dahrouj, a journalism graduate, speaks of a sense of threat. “People in Qatar are afraid,” she says. “Suddenly all the world wants to see us. We are a closed community, and they want to come and bring their differences. How can we express our values?”
1. What can we learn about Qatar?A.Its capital is neat and modern. | B.It’s experiencing great changes. |
C.Most Qataris are rich and healthy. | D.Great wealth brings Qataris great happiness. |
A.They have to work with foreigners. |
B.They can hardly find an interesting job. |
C.They have difficulty in making a choice. |
D.They have become lazy because of abundance. |
A.losing meaning | B.gaining support |
C.being improved | D.becoming divided |
A.feel frightened | B.express no interest |
C.ignore the differences | D.want to adjust their values |
【推荐3】My college experience included this life-skill lesson: Drink alcohol on a full stomach. Or you will get inebriated too quickly. Of course, most college students shouldn’t be drinking at all, but we know from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism that close to 60 percent of college students aged 18 to 22 do consume alcohol, which makes harm-reducing approaches important.
Unfortunately, campus authorities and researchers are reporting a practice that turns the full-stomach drinking strategy on its head: rather than filling up before a night of partying, significant numbers of students refuse to eat all day before consuming alcohol.
This is a high-risk behavior called “drunkorexia,” which is one part eating disorder, one part alcoholism—a very dangerous combination for college-age students. The term drunkorexia, which can also include excessive exercise or purging before consuming alcohol, was coined about 10 years ago, and it started showing up in medical research around 2012. Drunkorexia addresses the need to be the life of the party while staying extremely thin, pointing to a flawed mind-set about body image and alcoholism among college students, mostly women.
Imagine this scenario: A female college freshman doesn’t eat anything all day, exercises on an empty stomach, then downs five shots of tequila in less than two hours. Because there’s no food in her system to help slow the absorption of alcohol, those shots affect her rapidly, leading to inebriation and possibly passing out, vomiting or suffering alcohol poisoning. That’s drunkorexia.
Tavis Glassman, professor of health education and public health at the University of Toledo in Ohio, researches drunkorexia and worries about scenarios such as the one described above: “With nothing in her system, alcohol hits quickly, and that brings up the same issues as with any high-risk drinking: getting home safely, sexual assault, unintentional injury, fights, hangovers that affect class attendance and grades, and possibly ending up in emergency because the alcohol hits so hard,” he says.
“Alcohol can negatively affect the liver or gastrointestinal system, it can interfere with sleep, lower the immune system and is linked to several types of cancers,” Hultin says.
1. What does the underlined word “inebriated” in paragraph 1 mean?A.excited | B.overwhelmed | C.addicted | D.drunk |
A.a large number of college students spend most of their nights partying |
B.some college students refuse to eat before drinking alcohol to keep slim |
C.There is a direct link between body image and consuming alcohol |
D.female college student is more likely to be hurt if she drinks alcohol |
A.With more food in one’s system, he may suffer from the effects of alcohol slowly. |
B.Drinking five shots of tequila in less than two hours is the performance of drunkorexia. |
C.Those who don’t attend classes and have lower grades tend to be addicted to alcohol. |
D.Alcohol has negative effects on the immune system and may lead to several cancers. |
Anxiety is a normal and necessary part of life. Anxiety is your brain’s way of telling you about danger. It is anxiety which helps you jump out of the way if a car is speeding towards you. But if it gets out of hand, anxiety can get in the way of your getting on with life and can become a real problem. If this is the case for you, treatment may be a helpful way for you to get your anxiety under control.
Anxiety is a normal part of life. Some people may feel uneasy if moving to a new place and some may get overly anxious in certain situations. There are lots of reasons for this. One main reason is after a stressful thing which has happened in your life. So, if you are involved in a car crash, it’s quite likely that you will be more worried than other people around cars and driving.
Being anxious also probably runs in families. If your parents suffer from anxiety then you are more likely to be anxious too. This is probably partly due to genetics, and partly because of how things are when you’re growing up.
Even though people don’t talk about it much, anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems. About 1 in 4 people will have an anxiety problem at some time in their life.If you have an anxiety problem it’s hard for other people to understand why something that doesn’t worry them, like being in a crowd of people, can be so scary for you. This can make you feel separated and lonely, and may become worse and worse.
The good news is there are lots of excellent treatments available for anxiety. These include taking therapies (疗法) and drugs.
1. Which of the following statements is true about anxiety?
A.Almost everybody has a certain degree of anxiety in certain situations. |
B.It’s abnormal for people to get too anxious after a stressful thing. |
C.With anxiety you are far away from traffic accidents. |
D.When you feel stressed out, scared or worried, you are surely suffering from anxiety. |
A.Genetics. | B.Experience. |
C.Illness. | D.Environment. |
A.what is about anxiety | B.how to handle anxiety |
C.what causes anxiety | D.when anxiety becomes serious |
【推荐2】Alaska’s Mendenhall glacier (冰川) is about 20 minutes by car from Juneau, the state capital. It is one of the area’s most popular sites for tourists. But climate change has caused the ice to melt and the glacier to retreat (消退). That means it is losing more snow and ice than it gains. Researchers say the Mendenhall glacier retreated about 800 meters between 2007 and 2021.
Mendenhall pours down from rocky land between mountains and into a lake filled with icebergs. Special signs mark the glacier’s retreat, showing where the ice once stood. Experts estimate that by 2050, people will not be able to see the Mendenhall glacier from the visitor centre that was built for it. That is already the case at some other glacier visitor centres in Alaska.
The melting glacier leads to questions for the Alaskan tourism industry. How can tourism leaders help protect the glaciers for visitors to enjoy? And should there be limits on the number of tourists to the area?
Tourism is an important part of Juneau’s economy. About 1.6 million cruise ship (游轮) passengers are expected to stop in Juneau. On especially busy days, 20,000 people arrive each day to a city that has only 30,000 full-time residents.
Manoj Pillai is a cruise ship worker from India. He recently got off his ship and went to see the Mendenhall glacier. “The glacier is so beautiful now,” he said. But he wondered what it must have looked like 10 or 20 years ago and what it would look like in the following days.
People have many reasons to want to visit Alaska, and all the visitors help the state’s economy. But in Juneau, tourism officials are questioning whether the city and surrounding areas can deal with so many visitors each year. City leaders and major cruise lines have agreed to a daily five-ship limit for next year. But critics worry that may not do much to reduce tourist numbers because the ships themselves keep getting bigger. Some Juneau residents say they would like one day a week without ships.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The Mendenhall glacier. | B.The special sign. |
C.The glacier’s retreat. | D.The tourism industry. |
A.Confident. | B.Annoyed. | C.Concerned. | D.Uninterested. |
A.New cruise ship routes will be added in the future. |
B.Alaska’s tourism has lost its appeal to tourists. |
C.The local government attaches great importance to tourism safety. |
D.The large number of tourists has brought negative impacts. |
A.Climate Change Creates Questions for Alaska’s Tourist Economy |
B.Residents in Juneau Are Anxiously Awaiting a Decision |
C.The Best Way to Visit Amazing Alaska Is by Taking a Cruise Ship |
D.The Glaciers Are Disappearing, Changing the Face of Alaska |
【推荐3】If you’re a parent, you’re well aware of just how many challenges virtual schooling presents. It’s incredibly stressful to get your kids to pay attention in their “classrooms”. Well, now there’s another thing you need to worry about: hackers. As more school districts rely on remote learning, they’re increasingly becoming targets for cybercriminals.
Believe it or not, your email address is actually a hacker’s primary method of attaining your families’ personal information. That’s why you need to be on the lookout for phishing emails. These emails appear to be from a legal company you’re familiar with—like your bank, credit card company, an online store, or, yes, a school—but are actually from a hacker.
However, there are a few tricks to decode if an email is fake or not. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), these emails often “tell a story to trick you into clicking on a link or opening an attachment.” If you receive an email asking you to update your account, change your password, or make a payment, do a little digging first and contact the company directly to ensure that it is indeed legal.
There are indeed some alarming things a hacker can do when they steal your children’s information. According to FTC, “a child’s Social Security number can be used by identity thieves to apply for government benefits, open bank and credit card accounts or apply for a loan, which may go unnoticed for years—usually until they’re adults and attempt to open a credit card.” To make matters worse, a criminal doesn’t even need the child’s complete information to cook up a new identity. “Known as ‘synthetic identity theft’, the thief grabs a Social Security number and combines it with a fake name, address, phone number, and more,” explains the Identity Theft Resource Center, “That makes it a little harder for victims and law enforcement to notice the problem in the first place or take action after the fact.”
1. Why do we need to watch out for phishing emails?A.They make our emails too crowded to operate. |
B.They are from a legal organization that is familiar to you. |
C.It is impossible to tell whether an email is authentic or not. |
D.It may be quite easy for hackers to steal personal information. |
A.To put it into the trash with little digging. |
B.To click on the link and open the attached files. |
C.To update your account and change the password. |
D.To check its validity with the sender of the email. |
A.The definition of “synthetic identify theft”. |
B.The approaches to protecting children’s information. |
C.The consequences of children’s information being stolen. |
D.The suggestions on preventing children from internet addiction. |
A.Email hack: a disastrous threat |
B.Email hack: an unavoidable issue |
C.School hack: an unnoticeable but terrible threat |
D.School hack: an invisible hand affecting children’s study |