Landscape paintings of the 19th century displayed in London’s Tate Britain museum looked rather familiar to Anna Lea Albright, a climate researcher. Artist William Turner’s unique way of painting objects in foggy weather let Albright recall her early research on air pollution.
“I started wondering if there was a connection,” says Albright, who visited the museum on a day off from work. Turner — an English Romantic painter — was painting as increasing industrial plants earned London the name “The Big Smoke”. Turner’s early works were done with sharp details while later works had a dreamier aesthetic (美感).
To figure out to what extent Impressionists were reflecting the environmental conditions of that time, Albright partnered with climatologist Peter Huybers. They analyzed the contrast of 60 works created by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet between 1864 and 1901. It turned out that as the release of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, works set in Paris by Monet between 1864 and 1872 showed relatively higher contrast compared with Turner’s London-based works created 20 years earlier. This, Albright and Huybers say, can be due to the much slower start of the Industrial Revolution in France.
The researchers also analyzed the paintings’ visibility, or the distance at which an object can be clearly seen. Before 1830, the visibility in Turner’s paintings averaged about 25 kilometers while paintings after 1830 had the average visibility of about 10 kilometers. To strengthen their argument, the researchers also analyzed 18 paintings from four other London-and Paris-based Impressionists. Again, as outdoor air pollution increased, the contrast and visibility in the paintings decreased.
The researchers calculate that air pollution can explain about 61 percent of contrast differences between the paintings. In that respect, “different painters will paint in a similar way when the environment is similar,” Albright says. “But I don’t want to overstep the line and say: Oh, we can explain all of Impressionism.”
1. Why is Albright’s visit to a museum mentioned?A.To connect art with research. | B.To introduce previous foggy weather. |
C.To show impacts of Turner’s painting. | D.To explain inspiration for her new study. |
A.His personal habits. | B.His drawing techniques. |
C.The higher level of industrialization. | D.The influence of Impressionists. |
A.Painting styles vary with time and regions. | B.Air pollution needs to be controlled. |
C.Lower visibility is more popular in works. | D.Changes in it may relate to air quality. |
A.Objective. | B.Optimistic. | C.Enthusiastic. | D.Doubtful. |
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【推荐1】Participating in photography competitions can bring you various benefits. The following are four great photography competitions you may want to attend this year.
Communication Arts Photography Competition
Most photo competitions come with cash prizes. This competition doesn’t. But it is still a respected competition. To be qualified (符合资格的), your images need to be first produced or published in a period from the previous March to this March. Each participant can present five images at most, and the images must be created for the same project. The winning images will spread worldwide in Communication Arts and on commarts.com.
Sony World Photography Awards
The competition provides winners with cash prizes as well as Sony equipment. Another great thing about this competition is its travelling exhibition. No matter which country you are in, you can always notice the winning images. Participants are allowed to present five to ten images. You will love this competition because it is free to enter, and you can choose from many different categories (类别).
Moscow International Foto Awards
The goal of the competition is to discover and recognize talented photographers worldwide and introduce them to the creative community in Russia. There is a discount on entry fees for students. Participants can enter up to twenty images, both individual images and photo series in any of its nine categories.
Nikon Small World
Being a long-standing camera producer, Nikon has been running this competition since 1975. This competition is all about photomicrography. Anyone can enter, and each participant can present three images. If you don’t feel like entering even if it is free, checkout the previous winners. The images are amazing, and that might just get you in the mood for application.
1. What can we know about the Communication Arts Photography Competition?A.It awards winners a large sum of money. |
B.It accepts images that have been published only. |
C.It enables the winning works to be widely seen. |
D.It allows a participant to present works on various topics. |
A.Nikon Small World. |
B.Moscow International Foto Awards. |
C.Sony World Photography Awards. |
D.Communication Arts Photography Competition. |
A.They both enable one participant to compete in many categories. |
B.They both offer the winning images worldwide exhibition tours. |
C.They both only qualify photos taken by their own-brand cameras. |
D.They both give participants free entrance. |
【推荐2】Chinese traditional painting and dance are two vital parts of the art world. But what about when they meet each other?
This year, a dance drama titled Poetic Dance: The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting (《只此青绿》) was staged on CCTV’ Spring Festival Gala and went viral.
According to CCTV, this poetic dance programme was inspired by the about 900-year-old Chinese painting A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains(《千里江山图》). Created by Song Dynasty painter Wang Ximeng at the age of 18, the painting is amazing in its marvellous size, rich coloration and the expressive details, reported CCTV. It shows a Chinese blue-green landscape: mountains and groupings of infinite rise and fall between cloudless sky and rippling water.
When the dancers moved elegantly, audiences seemed to be looking at the moving mountains and rivers. “It brings me a pure experience of beauty. It is not only dance but also an ‘exhibition’. Vast mountains and rivers are coming to life!” An Internet user Mo Weisha wrote in a review, “About a thousand years later, green mountains and rivers still wow people as they did long ago.
Some people even decided to watch the dance again when it was staged in the theaters later. In fact, in recent years, more and more modern shows highlight Chinese traditional culture and have received warm welcome. As for why, it is due to people’s great love for traditional culture.
“The younger generations have grown up with a more open mindset. They embrace Chinese culture and are proud of it. ”Yao Wei, director of Henan TV Station’s Innovation Center, told China Daily.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 1 in the text?A.To present a common phenomenon. | B.To compare painting with dance. |
C.To describe the art world. | D.To introduce the topic. |
A.It was painted in several bright colors. |
B.It shows natural beauty vividly. |
C.It was created over thousand years ago. |
D.It is of small size but includes great details. |
A.People are more open to traditional culture. |
B.People are happy to see new forms of art. |
C.Chinese culture has been spreading around the world. |
D.People have gained more access to traditional culture. |
A.Passion for Chinese Traditional Painting |
B.Art Coming Alive Through Poetic Dance |
C.Connection Between Painting and Dance |
D.Highlights in Traditional Chinese Culture |
【推荐3】
The National Gallery of Art is a public art museum in Washington, D.C. It contains a large collection of paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, and other works of art. Come and enjoy some wonderful shows.
Present Exhibitions
Going Through Hell: The Divine Dante
April 9 — July 16, 2023
West Building, Main Floor, Gallery 10-11
Dante was an Italian poet and writer. His Divine Comedy has been one of the most powerful works in western literature for over 700 years. Come and explore the impacts of this great work in the collection of some 20 works, including the early prints of Divine Comedy, drawings on paper from the 15th to 20th century and more.
Drawing in Britain, 1700-1900: New Additions to the Collection
April 2 — August 6, 2023
West Building, Ground Floor
This exhibition includes about 80 recently acquired artworks. You can see not only traditional landscape paintings, but also many life-like portraits (肖像) and paintings of historical scenes.
These pieces are sure to give you an understanding of British art over two centuries.
Philip Guston Now
March 2 — August 27, 2023
East Building, Hall
Philip Guston is one of America’s most influential modern artists, famous in his time and in ours. Through more than 150 paintings and drawings, you can get a sense of the change of his artistic style through the years. His works continue to raise thoughts about beauty, freedom, and more.
Opening Times
The National Gallery of Art is open from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm, including public holidays. Last admission is at 4:00 pm, one hour before closing.
Parking
There is no public parking at the National Gallery of Art, but limited parking spaces are set aside for visitors with disabilities. Parking is available on surrounding streets and in commercial garages.
If you have any questions, please call (202)737-4215 or send us an email at visit@nga. gov.
1. What can you see in the National Gallery of Art?A.The 20 works of Dante. | B.Phillip Guston’s works of literature |
C.Newly gained British artworks. | D.Landscape paintings of Washington, D.C. |
A.admits visitors from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm |
B.contains the largest art collection in the US |
C.offers enough car parking spaces for visitors |
D.shows the 17th-century paintings in the East Btilding |
A.To spread art knowledge. |
B.To describe works of world-famous artists. |
C.To introduce worldwide wonderful exhibitions. |
D.To give information about a public art museum. |
【推荐1】It’s time to put down the phone and look away from Instagram (一款照片分享应用程序): Researchers found that people who look at pictures of food are less likely to enjoy the next meal they eat.
Ryan Elder and Jeff Larson of Brigham Young University asked 232 people to look at photos of food and rate them. The researchers divided the participants into two groups-one group looked at 60 photos of desserts, while the other examined 60 photos of sally foods. Participants (参加者) ranked each photo based on how attractive the food looked. Afterward both groups enjoyed a snack of salted peanuts. The group that looked at pictures of salty foods liked the peanuts less than the group who looked at desserts, even though no one saw photos of peanuts.
“If you want to enjoy your meal, avoid looking at too many pictures of food,” Larson said. “Even I felt a little sick to my stomach during the study after looking at all the sweet pictures we had.”
The researchers believe that food doesn’t taste as good after viewing all those photos because looking at many photos makes people feel as if they have already experienced the sensation (感觉) of eating. Whatever someone eats after looking at photos doesn’t seem as good as what she saw.
“In a way, you’re becoming tired of that taste without even eating the food,” said Elder. “It’s sensory boredom-you’ve kind of moved on. You don’t want that taste experience anymore.”
But there is some good news: People need to look at a lot of food photos to experience sensory boredom. So if you want to enjoy your next brunch, play it safe and stay away from your foodie friend’s photo albums.
1. What did the researchers do in the experiment?A.They showed peanut pictures to participants. |
B.They chose 232 participants who enjoy eating. |
C.They reminded participants to avoid sweet food. |
D.They asked participants to eat some salted peanuts. |
A.They were afraid of rating food pictures. | B.They found salted peanuts less enjoyable. |
C.They enjoyed their meals a lot more. | D.They compared their food with others’. |
A.You lose your sense of taste when you feel extremely tired. |
B.You are bored with your meal after taking pictures of food. |
C.You find food less delicious after seeing many food pictures. |
D.You eat more than before when the food tastes delicious. |
A.How we can stay away from Instagram. | B.What causes people to enjoy salty foods. |
C.Why Instagram is reducing your appetite. | D.Which food tastes less delicious. |
【推荐2】We’ve all had a guilty pleasure or two. Maybe it was an awkward TV show that we enjoyed a bit too much, maybe a song we listened to ironically until it became a bit too unironic. Perhaps a snack so disgusting it wound up coming back around to be delicious, or a movie so egregious that it ended up being a fantastic watch. Though we often wonder why we enjoy these things, we should really be asking ourselves why we feel guilty for enjoying them.
With the obvious exception of things that are harmful to people, our harsh judgment toward ourselves and others over what we enjoy does nothing but harm our individual expression and enjoyment.
It’s natural to want to appear “cool” to other people — whatever that may mean to you. With the cultural tendency and the means to share literally anything and everything you enjoy via social media, we perfectly curate (管理) the media we consume to match some sort of imagined ideal aesthetic (美学) — a trap that’s easy to fall into. Don’t fall into the trap!
My point is, the things that hold us back from openly enjoying our “guilty pleasures” often come from completely unfounded places. This is especially true that a teenage girl would rather be misunderstood than admit she likes pink. Frankly, what’s the point? Who are you proving yourself to, and why do you feel the need to? If you’re not harming anyone, and you are getting happiness from something, then why bother holding yourself back from it just to preserve some kind of curated image of who you’re supposed to be?
Life is hard enough. If you’ve found something that eases the stress of life even just a little bit, hold onto it for dear life. Marathon the Twilight movies. Read a super tacky (俗气的) romance novel. Throw that guilt right out of the window with absolutely no regrets, and do whatever it is that makes you happy.
1. What can we learn from paragraph 3?A.Most people want to gain recognition from others. |
B.Social media has a bad impact on self-recognition. |
C.Cultural tendency sets a standard for ideal aesthetic. |
D.People enjoy curating the media that they consume. |
A.The desire to lead a simple life. | B.The intention to show off ourselves. |
C.The purpose to guard our ideal image. | D.The need to admit that we like pink. |
A.Find ways to overcome hard life. |
B.Set ourselves free from fixed opinions. |
C.Have an in-depth self-talk to find our souls. |
D.Talk with people and make our own decisions. |
【推荐3】Supermarket shelves are filled with plant-based alternatives (可代替品) to cow milk, including soy, nut, and coconut milk. These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows’ milk for health reasons, as well as with those concerned about animal welfare and environmental sustainability. While the dairy-free (非乳制的) options work well with cereal or in coffee, they fail miserably when it comes to making milk-based products like cheese or yogurt. However, these shortcomings may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to a new company in California, which has figured out how to create animal-free milk in a laboratory!
Perumal Gandhi and Ryan Pandya founded the company in 2014 after becoming increasingly annoyed with the lack of cows’ milk-free alternatives, particularly for cheese. For Gandhi, who stopped consuming animal products five years earlier due to environmental and animal welfare concerns, the motivation to create a better alternative stemmed from his love of cheesy pizza. Pandya was spurred (被激发) to take action after being forced to eat some “really bad” dairy-free cream cheese on his sandwich.
The two MIT biomedical engineering scientists decided to join forces to create a more realistic alternative to dairy-based products. In their university lab, the pair spent nine months first isolating (分离) cow DNA then inserting it into yeast (酵母). This genetic modification (改造) enabled the yeast to produce the necessary milk proteins. The final step of the process involved mixing the proteins with some plant nutrients and fats.
The dairy-free milk not only tastes like the real thing but is also healthier, has a longer shelf life and, most important of all, is Earth friendly. According to the company’s website, when compared to conventional (常规的) milk production, their process uses 65% less energy, creates 84% less greenhouse gas emissions (排放) and requires 91% less land and an amazing 98% less water! Best of all, since it contains real milk proteins, the product behaves like the cow-produced version, which means vegetarian (素食的) consumers will no longer have to deal with the unpleasant cheese on their sandwiches and pizzas.
The company plans to bring their creation to market later this year and their first product will most likely be cheese since there are already many good cows’ milk products available to consumers.
1. The underlined word “those” in paragraph 1 refers to _______.A.actions | B.products | C.people | D.reasons |
A.their deep concern for the environment |
B.their worry that farm animals were poorly treated |
C.the over-consumption of the dairy-based products |
D.the poor taste of dairy-free cheese presently available |
A.The dairy-free products cannot be stored for a long time. |
B.Cow farming causes considerable environmental damage. |
C.The new products will taste better than dairy-based ones. |
D.The dairy-free milk will be more expensive than cow’s milk. |
A.Healthier Cheese |
B.New Milk Saves Planet |
C.Making Milk without Cows |
D.Fresher Milk, Better Future |
【推荐1】The 19th century landscape paintings in the museum looked awfully familiar to climate physicist Albright. Artist Turner’s signature way of covering his views in fog and smoke reminded Albright of her own research — tracking air pollution. After all, Turner —a forerunner of the impressionist movement — was painting as Britain’s industrial revolution gathered steam and smoke.
To find out how much realism there is in impressionism, Albright teamed up with Harvard University climatologist Peter Huybers. Their analysis of nearly 130 paintings by Turner, Paris-based impressionist Claude Monet and several others tells a tale of two modernizing cities.
Low contrast and whiter colors are typical of the impressionist style. They are also typical of air pollution. Tiny aerosols (气溶胶) can absorb or distribute light. That makes the bright parts of objects appear less bright while also shifting the entire scene’s color toward white.
Albright and Huybers distinguished art from aerosols by first using a mathematical model to analyze the contrast and color of 60 paintings that Turner made between 1796 and 1850 as well as 38 Monet works from 1864 to 1901. They then compared the findings to sulfur dioxide emissions (二氧化硫排放量) over the century and estimated from the trend in the annual amount of coal sold and burned in London and Paris. When sulfur dioxide reacted with molecules (分子) in the atmosphere, aerosols formed.
As sulfur dioxide emissions increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, paintings of Paris that Monet made from 1864 to 1872 have much higher contrast than Turner’s last paintings of London made two decades earlier. They owed the difference to the much slower start of the industrial revolution in France. Paris’ air pollution level around 1870 was about what London’s was when Turner started painting in the early 1800s. It confirmed that the similar progress in their painting styles couldn’t be coincidence, but was guided by air pollution, the pair concluded.
1. What is the purpose of Albright and Huyber’s analysis?A.To distinguish between art and aerosols. |
B.To understand different schools of painting better. |
C.To figure out the effects of the real life on impressionism. |
D.To find the relationship between realists and impressionists. |
A.The comparisons of aerosols and sulfur dioxide. | B.How the researchers carried out their research. |
C.The effects of aerosols on the paintings. | D.Why aerosols formed in the atmosphere. |
A.The paintings of Turner and Monet were closely linked to air pollution. |
B.The industrial revolution in France started more slowly accordingly. |
C.There were differences in Turner’s and Monet’s painting styles. |
D.Turner’s and Monet’s painting styles were familiar to people. |
A.Entertainment. | B.Health. | C.Education. | D.Environment. |
【推荐2】In the west of Melbourne, more than 300 kids from six primary schools are going to use special school bags that can also check air quality. This helps scientists find ways to reduce air pollution. It’s part of a study called “Breathe Melbourne”, where kids will become air quality scientists by collecting important information while going to and from school.
Schools in this areas were picked for the research because they have high levels of air pollution and a lot of kids with asthma (哮喘病). This is because these areas used to have a lot of factories.
More kids in these areas go to the hospital for asthma compared to other parts of Australia. Professor Irving from a hospital said, “The Breathe Melbourne study is very significant because it focuses on children who are already at risk because of bad air quality, and it aims to reduce that risk and help with asthma.”
An engineer named James explained how the air quality readers work. There’s a fan in the bag that pulls in outside air towards the sensors (传感器). The bag also has a GPS tracker that helps experts see which areas have more air pollution.
In a recent study, the schoolchildren and some of their teachers are seen wearing the air quality bags on four days each week for a few months. Children change their roads and the ways they go to school in the experiment as healthier choices are found. In the research, children can be educated and will learn more about air pollution.
Dr. Kate Lycett, the lead researcher, hopes that the information they collect will force officials to take action. She said, “Every child should have fresh air to breathe. Where they live shouldn’t decide how clean the air they breathe is.”
1. Why will some students in Melbourne carry the special school bags?A.To receive fitness training. | B.To prepare for short school trips. |
C.To protect school from the bad weather. | D.To help scientists get useful information. |
A.They enjoy good medical services. | B.They care more about climate change. |
C.They are troubled by the poor air quality. | D.They know little about the local industrial history. |
A.Important. | B.Different. | C.Interesting. | D.Difficult. |
A.It offers them a wide choice of school bags. | B.It introduces health courses to their schools. |
C.It makes them understand air pollution better. | D.It reduces traffic problems on their way to school. |
【推荐3】Information from this year’s IQAir World Air Quality Report shows only seven countries met the World Health Organization’s (WHO) pollution recommendations in 2023.
The report said the five countries with what it called the lowest air quality had particle (微粒) levels at least nine times higher than what the WHO recommends. Three South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Pakistan and India—had the world’s lowest air quality.
The information comes from the Swiss company IOAir, which makes air quality-related products. The report used measurements from over 30,000 stations across 134 countries.
IOAir uses the WHO’s standard of PM2.5 to measure the size of breathable pollutant particles in the air. The PM2.5 measurement means the particles are 2.5 microns or less in diameter (直径). The diameter of human hair, for example, is about 30 times larger than a particle of 2. 5 microns.
In Bangladesh, the concentration(浓度) of PM2.5 particles reached 19.9 micrograms per cubic meter in 2023. In Pakistan, the number was 73.7. India’s level was 54.4. The WHO recommends a reading of no more than five micrograms.
The only countries that met the WHO’s pollution recommendations were Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius and New Zealand.
Of the 134 countries and regions measured, 124 had higher levels than what was called for in the WHO’s pollution strategies. Both Bangladesh and India’s air quality diminished in 2023. In 2022, India was eighth and Bangladesh was fifth.
In India, New Delhi’s measurement of 92.7 micrograms made it the most-polluted capital city. Three countries that were on the list in 2022 were removed in 2023 because of problems in collecting information. They were Chad, Iran and Sudan. Chad was the world’s most polluted country the year before.
IQAir provides its report each year. But many countries do not have public air quality measurement systems. That is a big problem, considering the large potential benefits and low cost.
1. Why does the author mention human hair?A.To give an account of how the research was done. |
B.To indicate how much information is hidden in hair. |
C.To explain the damage caused by polluted air. |
D.To show how small the size of the particle is. |
A.Bangladesh. | B.Estonia. | C.Mauritius. | D.Grenada. |
A.Kept unchanged. | B.Remained unstable. |
C.Worsened. | D.Improved. |
A.IQAir failed to collect data on them. | B.IOAir reduced its number of subjects. |
C.Their air quality was good enough. | D.They refused to provide their information. |