【推荐1】“The main surprise is how widespread the effects were,” says senior author Martin Genner, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Bristol. “We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at, from small forms of plants and animals to marine invertebrates (无脊椎动物), and from fish to seabirds.”

The new study builds on early evidence of the impact of climate changes on the distribution, diversity and seasonality of marine species. Based on those findings, Genner’s team reasoned that marine species should be doing well at the leading (pole-ward) edge of their ranges but poorly at their trailing (equator-ward) side. They also realized that existing global species distribution databases could be used to test this idea.

Based on a thorough search of available data in the literature, the researchers now report on a global analysis of diversity trends for 304 widely distributed marine species over the last century. The results show that — just as predicted — diversity increases have been most obvious where sampling has taken place at the pole-ward side of species ranges, while diversity declines have been greatest where sampling has taken place at the equator-ward side of species ranges.

The findings show that large-scale changes in the diversity of species are well underway. They also suggest that marine species haven’t managed to adapt to warmer conditions. The researchers therefore suggest that projected sea temperature increases of up to 1.5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2050 will continue to lead to shifts in the diversity of marine species, including those of importance for coastal livelihoods.

“This matters because it means that climate changes are not only leading to diversity changes, but naturally affecting the performance of species locally,” Genner says. “We’re seeing fewer and fewer species like emperor penguins as water becomes too warm at their equator-ward edge, and we see some fish such as European seabass growing well at their pole-ward edge where historically they were uncommon.”

The results show that the effects of climate changes on marine species are highly uniform and not a little. “While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms, the findings point toward a future in which we will also see continued loss of marine life,” Genner says.

【推荐2】Proper diet and regular exercise seem to be the only methods for losing weight. However, the importance of water should be added in the process. While medical science has proven the positive effects of water, most people still do not drink enough each day.

The reason why water is so important for weight loss has something to do with metabolism (新陈代谢) of fat. The liver (肝脏) is in charge of this process of turning stored fat into energy. However, the liver is also responsible for helping the kidneys (肾脏) which need enough water in order to function properly. When the kidneys lack   water, the liver has to perform all the functions of the kidneys on its own. This means the liver doesn’t have enough energy to metabolize fat. So, drinking water allows the kidneys to focus on their job and the liver to focus on its job.

Also, studies have shown that water can make us feel full when drunk before meals. Without even making an effort, most people who drink a glass of water before a meal will eat 33% less. This is partly because of the fact that they simply get full quicker because the water is taking up space. The other reason is that the food will expand as soon as it enters the water-filled stomach.

Water is important for every aspect of the health of the human body. By drinking more water and improving the health of the body, weight loss goals can be achieved more easily.

【推荐3】The Importance of Having Fun While Exercising

Enjoying your workout can be a complete game changer. Be prepared to discover how enjoying exercise can make you healthier and happier.

Make exercise more fun

The Heart Matters magazine gives a few suggestions on how to make exercise more fun, such as asking others to join you and exercising for a specific cause (like a marathon for raising funds for an organization).     1     But why?

Research shows that enjoying your exercise can be important for its long-term effect. When you pay attention to what you choose and want to do, rather than what you have to do, it changes your mind.     2    

Another very real benefit of enjoying your workout is that if you enjoy it, you are more likely to stick to it. Most people would rather do something that brings them pleasure than something boring and unpleasant. So, what do you find enjoyable? What is fun for you?

Different types of exercise

    3     Running is an excellent form of exercise, as is walking. Dance classes can be super fun as well. Playing sports is a form of exercise that shouldn't be forgotten.

Gyms that require a lot of equipment are not always available or possible.     4     Team sports like basketball, tennis or kickball with friends are great for your fitness.

Besides, you can also do other exercises.     5     Those are all excellent forms of exercise.