【推荐3】Language is born of culture and in turn reflects (反映) the history of a culture. This is clear when we compare English in Britain, the United States and Australia.

Of the three dialects, British English has the most confusing (令人困惑的) grammar and spelling rules. This is probably because the development of English has been under the control of the upper class. The modern English language came into being in the 18th century. The upper class who spoke French wanted to show their influence and make themselves different from the uneducated working people. In other words, British English reflects the British character with class.

The US dialect is generally recognized as the easiest to understand. Compared with British English, its spelling is more connected with its pronunciation. And its grammatical rules are much easier to follow. What's more, its words are simpler to pronounce. For foreigners, it's much easier to learn. That's why American English is more popular in the world.

The reason why American English is simpler than British English is connected with its special history. British English was mainly influenced by the upper class. But American upper class didn't exist when American English was born. American English was based on the dialects spoken by working people from different countries. So the formation of American English was based on a rule to help all the working people with different cultural backgrounds communicate more easily.

Australian English is different from British and American English. It is the most vulgar (粗俗的) of the three. Actually it has a tendency to show its invention, disrespect and humor. At times, this can make it almost impossible to understand and quite impolite to some educated speakers. That is partly connected with special identity of the early settlers.

【推荐1】Meghan Howey, an archaeologist at the University of New Hampshire says, "Humans have lived near the coast for thousands of years. In that time, they created and left behind many cultural relics that hold pieces of the past. These are famous places such as Rapa Nui in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and the canal city of Venice in Italy. But they also include many smaller and less known places. If rising seas destroy these places, we’re going to lose those people’s stories too."

David Anderson, an archaeologist at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and other researchers recently used online information to look at the dangers created by rising seas. They found that a one-meter rise in sea level could destroy more than 13, 000 of the cultural relics in the southeastern United States. He says, "Climate change is under way, so now it is the time to start thinking how we are going to protect the important places. We need to know what’s out there and what’s caused or else it may become too late to save at least some of these places."       

Efforts to control the worst influences from climate change, including the sea level rise, will require cutting greenhouse-gas emissions(排放物) or taking steps to control flooding in important areas. Another method might be to move cultural treasures. But it’s unlikely that the capital to do that will be saved or collected to pay for every site. And some treasures simply can’t be moved.

If researchers used only traditional methods to map those places, most would be gone before you got to them. Satellites with cameras and other tools, however, can more quickly and easily find and map many of these places.

"Scanning(扫描) and imaging tools can help," says Mark D. McCoy, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University. "High-resolution digital photography can make detailed images. Computer technologies also can create 3-D virtual(虚拟的) reality models."

【推荐2】Space exploration, investigation, by means of crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity.

Humans have always looked at the heavens and wondered about the nature of the objects seen in the night sky. With the development of rockets and the advances in electronics and other technologies in the 20th century, it became possible to send machines and animals and then people above Earth’s atmosphere into outer space. Well before technology made these achievements possible, however, space exploration had already captured the minds of many people, not only aircraft pilots and scientists but also writers and artists. The strong hold that space travel has always had on the imagination may well explain why professional astronauts and laypeople alike consent at their great peril, in the words of Tom Wolfe in The Right Stuff (1979), to sit “on top of an enormous Roman candle, such as a Redstone, Atlas, Titan or Saturn rocket, and wait for someone to light the fuse.” It perhaps also explains why space exploration has been a common and enduring theme in literature and art. As centuries of speculative fiction in books and more recently in films make clear,“one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” was taken by the human spirit many times and in many ways before Neil Armstrong stamped humankind’s first footprint on the Moon.

Achieving spaceflight enabled humans to begin to explore the solar system and the rest of the universe, to understand the many objects and phenomena that are better observed from a space perspective, and to use for human to benefit the resources and attributes of the space environment. All of these activities—discovery, scientific understanding, and the application of that understanding to serve human purposes—are elements of space exploration.

【推荐3】Nir Eyal was part of a team of Stanford MBAs and also one of the brightest investors in Silicon Valley. He documented his experiences, reading and observations of hundreds of companies to know how mind manipulation(操纵) worked—how products change our actions, and create desires. The result of his research is the Hook Model.

A trigger is the actuator of behavior. Triggers come in two types: external and internal. Habit-forming products start by alerting users with external triggers like an email, a website link, or the app icon. For example, suppose Barbra, a young woman in Pennsylvania, happens to see a photo in her Facebook taken by a family member from a rural part of the state. It’s a lovely picture and since she is planning a trip there, the external trigger’s call-to-action intrigues her and she clicks. By cycling through successive hooks, users begin to form associations with internal triggers, which attach to existing behaviors and emotions.

The simple action takes Barbra to a website called Pinterest, a “pinboard-style photo sharing” site where she is dazzled by other fascinating objects related to what she is generally interested in—namely things to see on her upcoming trip.

Variable rewards are one of the most powerful tools companies implement to hook users. Research shows that levels of the dopamine(多巴胺) rise when the brain is expecting a reward. Wanting rewards creates a focused state, which suppresses the areas of the brain associated with judgment and reason while activating the parts associated with wanting and desire.

When Barbra lands on Pinterest, she’s spending more time hunting for the next wonderful thing. Before she knows it, she enjoys endlessly scrolling Pinterest, and she builds a desire to keep the things that delight her. By collecting items, she’ll be giving the site data about her preferences. Soon she will follow and make other investments, which serve to increase her ties to the site and prepare her for future loops through the hook.