Definitions of literature have varied over time, in fact, it is a “culturally relative definition”, once in Western Europe, literature indicated all books and writing. During the Romantic period, it began to refer to “imaginative” literature. Nowadays literature is seen as a term used to describe written or spoken material, including all the following.
Poetry uses rhythmic qualities of language to bring out meanings in addition to, or in place of, unimaginative surface meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set inverse (颠倒); prose is cast in sentence, poetry in line.
Novel is typically written in a narrative (叙事) style and presented as a book. Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. It remains an essential part of the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the world.
Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story”. There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary according to their particular intentions.
A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events. Because the reader must identify with a character quickly to become engaged, the tale is often told from the chief character’s point of view.
A drama refers to a play for the theatre, television or radio. It generally consists of chiefly dialogue between characters. It also uses dance to convey their message. Dramas usually aim at dramatic performance rather than at reading. In theater, a drama is presented by actors to an audience.
Good literary works depend on literary techniques. A literary technique can be used by authors in order to improve the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects.
Literary techniques include a wide range of approaches to crafting a work. The ability to let readers know what might happen in the future in an indirect way is possible through the technique foreshadowing (伏笔). The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification (拟人). Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas.
Literature | |
Definitions of literature | Definitions of literature have kept |
They are connected with | |
Among them are “books and writing”, “‘imaginative’ literature” and “written or spoken material”. | |
Poetry, with rhyme, uses unusual word order in lines, which may be a barrier to see what it | |
A novel takes the form of a book, talking about what is | |
The novella, as for length, exists | |
A short story tells a comparatively | |
Dramas are performed rather than read, with the ideas expressed either orally or | |
Literary techniques | Give a warning or sign of a |
When personification is used, something without | |
Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols. |
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【推荐1】Plan a Budget-Friendly (省钱的) Summer Vacation
It’s never too early to start thinking about your summer vacation. Deciding where to go and what attractions to see can actually be a fun and exciting part of the experience—particularly when you find ways to save your travel dollar.
Rethink your “summer vacation”.
If your summer vacation window is wide open, why not skip July and August? The flights and accommodations are about 25% cheaper in the spring or early fall. If you must travel during the busy season, you can still save by being flexible.
It’s always in your best interest to book your summer vacation early. If you plan on flying to your destination, for example, it will be much easier to find seats on your preferred flights if you book in March than if you were to wait until the last minute. The same applies to hotels, where prices are based on supply and demand.
Use the right websites.
There are a lot of websites competing for your travel dollar.
Consider a tour.
With so many places to see and things to do, planning a trip can wear you out quickly.
A.Plan your flights. |
B.Book in advance. |
C.In that case, a tour is a fantastic choice. |
D.Choose the one that offers the best service. |
E.That competition has led to many benefits for travelers. |
F.When booking flights, choose the least popular travel times. |
G.Here are tips to plan a summer vacation within your budget. |
【推荐2】How Can We Make Singles Day Greener?
After the Singles Day, nearly 490 million packages were delivered every day. As more people prefer online shopping, the amount of waste generated has become a matter of concern.
Improve packaging of goods
Regulations can be put in place but self-awareness would be better. Recycled material should be used as much as possible, which can break down easily.
As consumers, we can make a difference by acting responsibly toward the environment. Buy naked groceries or keep the grocery packaging for other purpose before they’re thrown away. Always keep in mind that it is the consciousness of reusing the packaging that counts.
Enclose package instructions
Environmental stress caused by packaging and rolls of tape for express delivery goods is severe. It’s necessary to deliver the goods with package instructions.
Establish a regulatory system
Policies and regulations should be introduced to ensure that packaging will be recycled and reused. Meanwhile, a recycling system needs to be established where the e-commerce platforms, delivery companies and consumers can engage in the green packaging campaign.
A.Reuse the packaging |
B.Buy goods without packaging |
C.In this case, the damage to the environment can be reduced. |
D.Those who fail to observe regulations will lead to punishment. |
E.How should we solve the massive packaging waste problem? |
F.We can’t avoid the packaging that supermarkets use and it is difficult to recycle. |
G.They can guide consumers to deal with the packages in an environmentally friendly way. |
【推荐3】Since 1979, Grandparents’ Day has been observed in the US on the first Sunday after Labor Day. Here are some ways to show your grandparents how much you appreciate them.
Surprise them. Though Grandparents’ Day has been marked for 40 years, many families don’t know about it. If you haven’t observed it before, give them a surprise this year.
Spend time together. Many grandparents say they wish they had more individual time with their grandchildren. So one of the best things you can do for Grandparents’ Day is to simply spend time together.
Record a message. If you can’t physically be with your grandparents, consider sending them a special message. Ask your parents for help recording you on video.
A.Share your life with them. |
B.Preserve your family history. |
C.Teach them the tips for making videos. |
D.You can start by wishing them a happy Grandparents’ Day. |
E.They remember stories about when your parents were young. |
F.You could plan to share a meal, go for a walk, or read together. |
G.This could be as simple as sending a card or making them a special treat. |
【推荐1】Paintings and sculptures can be a feast for the eyes of visitors to art museums, but today their viewing is also an unconventional treatment for people with mental illness.
Last month. a group of Canadian doctors started to write a new kind of prescription (处方), which gives patients free access to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA). There, they will have a “relaxing. revitalizing experience” looking at the museum’s collection.
Nathalie Bondil. the museum’s director general. believes that being in contact with culture and arts can help with wellbeing. “In the 21st century, culture will be what physical activity was for health in the 20th century.” she said.
Each prescription will allow not only the patients but also their families or friends to go with them. In the museum. the visitor can appreciate the artworks, and take part in a wide range of activities including drawing, sewing (缝纫) and making a sculpture with recycled materials.
The new treatment is said to be the first of its kind in the world. But there’s increasing evidence that the display of visual art, especially art depicting (描绘) nature, can have positive effects on people with depression, anxiety and self-respect problems.
In 2017, the UK’s All Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing
(APPGAHW) also released a report stating that “the time has come to recognize the powerful contribution the arts can make to our health and wellbeing”.
Is it possible for art to improve overall health? We may not know the answer yet. But one thing is certain, more and more people today are persuaded by the idea that “art is good medicine”.
1. What prescription did the group of Canadian doctors give to mental patients?A.Get conventional treatment. |
B.Relax by experiencing nature. |
C.Join in some physical activities. |
D.Appreciate paintings and sculptures. |
A.Depict nature. |
B.Recycle sculptures. |
C.Sew clothes. |
D.Watch art workers. |
A.It can relieve depression. |
B.Nothing can prove it right so far. |
C.It was used before by some visual artists. |
D.APPGAHW doubted its contribution in health. |
A.Will MMFA be open to patients? |
B.Is there a better medicine than art? |
C.Is there a new treatment for artists? |
D.Will fine arts improve mental health? |
【推荐2】Artificial intelligence (AI) has hit the headlines in recent months, particularly since the launch of ChatGPT in November. The chatbot can not only answer a broad range of questions, but also create original poems and stories.
Japan’s first fully AI-created comic, Cyberpunk: Peach John, was released on March 9 by Shinchosha, a major publishing house.
The comic is based on the futuristic imagination of the author, whose pen name is Rootport. It describes how the Japanese folklore (民间传说) hero Momotaro, who is said to have been born from a giant peach, lives in a dystopian (反乌托邦的) future.
All the fancy futuristic objects and creatures in the book, however, were designed and created by Midjourney along with other popular online image-generation AI tools such as Stable Diffusion and DALL-E 2.
Unlike traditional comic volumes which are usually black-and-white and short in length, Cyberpunk: Peach John comes in full color and spans more than 100 pages. A work of this length would normally take over a year to complete by even authors who are familiar with comic creation. However, with AI creation, it took the writer a surprisingly short period — only six weeks — to finish the whole work.
Despite gaining widespread attention as the first fully AI-drawn comic in Japan, the work has also raised some questions and concern as well. According to Gulf News and CNN, some people are worried that AI technology will threaten jobs and copyright ownership in the nation’s thriving comic book industry, as well as creativity and artistic value.
One Twitter user described the project as “an absolute insult (侮辱) to comic and comic artists everywhere.” Another wrote: “Weird to publish a comic by AI when your country has some of the most talented artists in existence.”
But Rootport has insisted that his comic book should be considered a work of art. “AI cannot yet create a perfect work on its own. Human assistance is essential,” he said.
1. Who is the writer of the comic, Cyberpunk: Peach John?A.Shinchosha. | B.Rootport. | C.Momotaro. | D.Midjourney. |
A.The comic book is colorful and extremely time-saving in creation. |
B.AI technology will definitely threaten jobs and copyright ownership. |
C.Japan has the most talented comic artists in the world. |
D.The comic book is considered a work of art. |
A.Positive. | B.Negative. | C.Unconcerned. | D.Neutral. |
A.AI-drawn comics have advantages over traditional ones. |
B.AI-drawn comics have become a new trend in Japan. |
C.Japan released its first fully AI-created comic. |
D.People have different opinions on the first AI-created comic. |
【推荐3】According to Americans for the Arts, more than two-thirds of U.S. adults say that the arts “lift me up beyond everyday experiences.” Still, only 30 percent attended a concert of any type in 2017; 23 percent visited an art museum; six percent attended a literary event. Fewer than half actively created art of any kind.
What has caused this phenomenon is that we do not have time for art — we are weighed down by our day-to-day responsibilities. Maybe you like to play a little background music while you work but most of us rarely, if ever, went to see a live performance, let alone visited a gallery. And reading poetry? Perhaps not since high school.
Too often, we let the realities of life get in the way of the arts, which can feel insignificant by comparison. But this is a mistake. The arts might be the single most in-depth experience you will ever be given to explore the nature and meaning of life. And if you make time to consume and produce art, you will find your life become fuller and happier.
Some philosophers address the problem of life consumed by work and material pursuits. They argue that art provides relief from this routine, expanding our perspective and bringing us closer to true reality.
Think of a time when you heard a piece of music and wanted to cry. Or recall your fast heartbeats as you stared at a delicate lifelike sculpture. Chances are that it probably stimulated (刺激) a sudden awakening, much like the shock from a lungful of pure oxygen after breathing in smoggy air.
If you are among those who feel that art is “pure pleasure to experience and participate in,” you might see it the same way you see eating out, or skydiving: as a luxury (奢侈品) item in your limited budgets of time and money. As such, it probably gets the same sort of treatment as any minor hobby. Don’t make this error. Treat art more like exercise or sleep: a necessity for a life full of deep satisfaction.
1. What does paragraph 1 focus on?A.The opinion of U.S. adults about art. |
B.The types of art that U.S. adults engage with. |
C.The mismatch between value and behaviour as to art. |
D.The connection between everyday experiences and art. |
A.Art reveals the nature of life. | B.Art gives way to material pursuits. |
C.Life without art is meaningless. | D.Background music is a kind of art. |
A.Art awakes people’s talents. | B.Art improves physical health. |
C.Art brings us closer to nature. | D.Art makes life fuller and happier. |
A.Art: A Habit, Not a Luxury | B.Art: A Bridge, Not a Barrier |
C.Art: A Decoration, Not a Reality | D.Art: A Pleasure, Not a Burden |