Bolivia has a population of three and a half million. About one tenth of the total population are white; one-fourth are mixed Indians and white; and more than half are full-blooded Indians. The government and the industries are under the control of the white people.
The Indians today live in much the same way as their ancestors. Most of them are farmers. Many work in the mines, for mining is the most important industry on Bolivia’s. Of all the mining products, tin is the most important, which makes up three-fourths of all Bolivia’s exports. The eastern slopes of the Andes, since there are very few roads there, are fertile but not highly developed. The two primary means of transportation are river boats and porters. East of the hill region is the great plains where tropical plants are grown. A serious problem for Bolivia is the transport of food from the warm regions, where it is grown, to the mountainous regions, where most of the people live.
Bolivia gained its independence from Spain about a hundred years ago. It has been slow in developing, but its rich resources promise a better future in it.
1. The majority of the Bolivian population are __________.| A．full-blooded Indians | B．mixed Indian and white |
| C．white citizens | D．all whites and mixed-blooded people |
| A．quite different from that of their ancestors | B．quite interesting |
| C．almost the same as their ancestors’ | D．very exciting |
| A．there are thick forests there | B．there are very few roads there |
| C．there are many fine mines there | D．they are not fertile enough |
| A．mining products | B．rich resources |
| C．independence from Spain | D．two primary means of transportation |
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【推荐1】BEIJING/SAO PAULO-Chinese traditions like cockfighting, like-flying and fireworks have been quite common in Brazil for many years.
Despite the thousands of kilometers between them, China’s historical and artistic mark on Brazil has existed for about 300 years, said Brazilian sinologist (汉学家) Jose Roberto Teixeira Leite in his book China in Brazil. “Influences from China can date from the colonial period, even up to the time after after Brazil’s independence.” The commercial relationship between the two countries has existed for a long time, he noted, adding that incoming ships would fill up Brazilian cities like Salvador, Rio de Janeiro and Recife with Chinese products like porcelain (瓷器), silk and fans He also found Chinese influence not only in the arts and architecture of Brazil but also in the most diverse areas of Brazilian society, like the economy, medicine and popular culture. “At the end of the 19th century, in Pernambuco, (a state in northeastern Brazil), there was a custom that children slept with clothes decorated with Chinese dragons.” Teixeira added.
The book took him about 15 years to finish. “The impact of the book surprised me, though it was published by a university publisher and it had a print run of just 1,000 copies,” he said. “Some have said that the book represents a turning point in Chinese studies in Brazil.”
Besides, the sinologist did research on the mark and presence of China in the architecture and arts of Brazil. “It was through art that China awoke in me, first, curiosity, after that, interest, and finally, passion,” Teixeira said.
In 1992, the sinologist visited Macao to do research for his doctoral thesis about the marks and presence of China in Brazil, and that trip impressed him a lot. In 2013, Teixeira had a chance to visit the Chinese cities of Bejing, Shenzhen and Shanghai, and got to know “the past and present of the great country culturally, as well as its incredible material development.”
1. What does the underlined sentence imply?| A．Brazilian children’s love for dragons as Chinese children. |
| B．The development of China-Brazil frequent trade cooperation. |
| C．A further understanding of the cultures of the two countries. |
| D．China’s influence on most diverse areas of Brazilian society. |
| A．Children’s clothes. | B．The sinologist’s traveling. |
| C．The sinologist’s book. | D．China’s porcelain. |
| A．Chinese art. | B．Chinese customs. |
| C．The history of China. | D．China’s development. |
| A．The Impression of China on Sinologist. |
| B．China and Brazil in Eyes of Sinologist |
| C．An Introduction to Sinologist’s New Book |
| D．The Future of China-Brazil Trade Relations |
【推荐2】The United States of America is the most culturally diverse country in the world in terms of culture, religion, ethnicity and sexual orientation. As a combination of various races and cultures, America is home to all. The culture here is so unique that citizens can be just as proud of their original cultural heritage as they are to be Americans.
What is now the US was initially inhabited (居住) by native people until the land was settled by various European groups and African slaves. Since the 20th century, the country has become a heaven for people from all over the globe.
The arrival of immigrants has removed populations from rural areas into cities because immigrants tend to settle in urban areas. At present, 81 percent of the citizens in the US live in cities.
Cultural and ethnic diversity adds a unique flavor to cities that is expressed through different neighborhoods, restaurants, places of worship, museums, nightlife and multicultural learning environments.
Unique musical forms, such as jazz, rock and roll, Chicano music, and the blues, grow in the US by mixing a variety of culturally distinct musical traditions to create a new form.
At the executive (行政的) level, the country is headed by a mixed-race president; two posts on the Supreme Court are held by members of the country’s two largest minorities. There is also diversity in state and local governments.
Without its rich mixture of races and cultures, America would not be the nation that it is today. Founded upon the basis of equality and freedom, America acts as ad stage where different cultures not only coexist peacefully, but develop well.
1. According to the passage, America is a country .| A．that welcomes people from all over the world |
| B．where citizens take more pride in their original culture |
| C．that is mostly settled by Europeans and Africans |
| D．where 81% of the population are immigrants |
| A．In the urban areas. |
| B．In the rural areas. |
| C．In the southern part of America. |
| D．In the northern part of America. |
| A．diversity has existed in America in almost every aspect |
| B．most posts in America state governments are held by mixed-race people |
| C．equality and freedom make America a fair country |
| D．diversity has greatly affected the American political field |
| A．The Effects of Culture and Diversity on America |
| B．The Influence of Globalization on America |
| C．The Political Development of America |
| D．The Bright Future of America |
【推荐3】The South American country of Bolivia has a highly varied climate which ranges from hot and moist in the east to high and cool in the west.In fact,the one missing element is a sea breeze,since Bolivia has no coastline.
The population of Bolivia is about three and a half million.Three-fourths of the people live in the mountainous regions,where the altitude varies from 8,000 to over 13,000 feet.The highest mountains are over 21,000 feet high.
About one-tenth of the total population is white.Some of these white citizens are descendants of the Spanish conquerors who came to South America with Pizarro in the sixteenth century.Others white citizens migrated to Bolivia from Europe and the United States because of their interest in trade.The white people in Bolivia control the government and the industries.
About one-fourth of the Bolivians are mixed Indian and white.They usually work as shopkeepers or government employees.More than half of the Bolivians are full-blooded Indians.They are the descendants of the people who made up the Inca Empire.The Inca rulers claimed that they come from a mythical race living on an island in Lake Titicaca.This lake is the largest in South America and one of the highest lakes in the world.
When the Spanish soldiers conquered the Incas,they imposed their own government on the country.They also tried to force the people to practice Roman Catholicism and to speak Spanish.However,even today,most of the Indians still speak their own languages.
1. Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 1?| A．West of Bolivia is the Pacific Ocean. | B．East of Bolivia is the Atlantic Ocean. |
| C．North of Bolivia is the Arctic Ocean. | D．There is no ocean around Bolivia. |
| A．2,625,000 | B．3,500,000 | C．1,750,000 | D．875,000 |
| A．English | B．French |
| C．Spanish | D．their own language |
| A．forefathers | B．offspring |
| C．ancestors | D．grandfathers |
| A．about 875,000 Bolivians are mixed Indian andwhite |
| B．some Bolivians serve as shopkeepers or government employees |
| C．Lake Titicaca is one of the highest lakes in the world |
| D．the blood relation of Bolivians |
【推荐1】Dubai is one of the economically richest places in the world. With its numerous malls, hotels, resorts and beautiful beaches, Dubai has always been a popular holiday destination. This city was visited by around 5 million tourists each year. The government wanted to increase this number to 15 million. However, there was a shortcoming in this plan. Dubai had only 45 miles of coastline, which was nowhere enough for so many people. To handle this issue, an island that looked like a palm tree was built in 2006 and named the Palm Jumeirah.
The plan for the island was extraordinary. It was to host several hotels, shopping malls, restaurants and homes. Although the initial plan was to build the island from concrete, a decision was taken to create it from sand, so as to give it a natural look.
To make sure that this project was a success, the best engineers from across the world were employed. Engineers from Holland formed the majority in this group. To begin with, the engineers calculated the strength of storms at sea, and also the expected amount of rise in water levels due to global warming. And then they found that the proposed location for the island was neither very wide nor deep.
One of the difficulties encountered by the engineers was to put sand on the seabed to create the breakwater(防波堤), protecting the Plam Jumeirah from tidal forces. Finding the right sand for the project was a difficult task, as the sand from Dubai’s deserts was too fine. Instead, sand from the sea was used, as it was coarser(粗糙) and more waterresistant in nature. Once the breakwater was built, construction of the island began.
The Palm Jumeirah is really an impressive feat(伟绩) of engineering. However, the project is so large that it may have changed the ecology of the region. In addition, large quantities of money and resources go into sustaining the island, which is a major concern at the moment. Only time will tell if building the Palm Jumeirah is actually a good decision.
1. The first paragraph is intended to show ________.| A．the geographical features of Dubai |
| B．Dubai’s plan to attract more tourists |
| C．the reason for building the Palm Jumeirah |
| D．Dubai’s difficulty in developing the tourism industry |
| A．overcame a number of challenges |
| B．were sent to Holland to receive training |
| C．did research on the formation of storms at sea |
| D．found the proper location for the island accidentally |
| A．Positive. | B．Objective. |
| C．Indifferent. | D．Negative. |
According to an international survey by Mercer Human Resource Consulting, a Londonbased consulting firm, Calgary was top of a list of 144 cities. It scored 121 points, just above Honolulu's score of 120. Helsinki and Ottawa followed at 119.5 and 118.5 respectively.
Three other Canadian cities came in the top 20. Montreal and Vancouver tied for ninth and Toronto came in at 18th. The scores are based on air pollution levels, availability and quality of hospitals and medical supplies, as well as the efficiency of waste removal and sewage systems.
In America, the lowest scoring city was Atlanta, which was ranked 76th. Athens was the lowest scoring city in Western Europe, ranking 120th because of its air pollution. London was ranked 59th.
1. How many Canadian cities are in the top 20?
| A．3. | B．4. | C．5. | D．6. |
| A．Weather conditions. |
| B．Air quality. |
| C．Waste removal. |
| D．Medical supplies. |
①Calgary ②Atlanta ③Helsinki ④London
| A．①②③④ | B．①③②④ |
| C．①③④② | D．①④③② |
【推荐3】The iconic symbol of Paris, the Eiffel Tower opened to the public on March 31, 1889, and the graceful metal structure has continued to attract the world for 130 years. But some little known facts about the Eiffel Tower may surprise you.
The original intention was for the structure, which was built for the 1889 World’s Fair, to be demolished after 20 years. But engineer Gustave Eiffel later arranged to have a radio antenna (天线) and transmitter placed in the tower, and the importance of the tower to communications saved it from demolition. At the present time, 120 antennas broadcast radio and television transmissions from the tower.
During the 1889 World’s Fair, the newspaper Le Figaro set up a small printing operation on the third floor that produced a daily commemorative (纪念的) edition for visitors to buy.
Almost seven million visitors each year pay the admission fee to visit the Eiffel Tower. Since the structure opened in 1889, nearly 300 million people have experienced the tower.
A private apartment that Gustave Eiffel used as an office was created at the top of the tower. Eiffel entertained some important persons there, and today visitors to the apartment will see it as it looked in Eiffel’s day, with life-like wax models of Eiffel and Thomas Edison.
As a promotion during the 1889 World’s Fair, visitors could buy a commemorative postcard that was tied to a balloon and a small parachute. Visitors would write an address on the postcard and release it into the air from the tower. The postcard was supposed to fall back to earth gently due to the parachute, but it’s not known how many of these postcards ever made it to their intended addresses.
Because the taller sections of the tower are against the brighter sky, the bronze paint color is shaded slightly darker than the color closer to the ground. This is to give the impression that the tower is painted in a single shade.
Gustave Eiffel’s company designed the metal structure that holds the Statue of Liberty together. You can think of the Eiffel Tower as a Statue of Liberty without the skin, though the shapes of the two structures are quite different.
Visitors to Paris may not be as romantic as we thought. Although Paris is known as the City of Light and its illuminated attractions can easily be seen at night, the Eiffel Tower has much fewer visitors in the evening than during the day. The tower is closed at 11:45 pm, with the last admissions at 11 pm, 10:30 pm to visit the top.
Two of the original elevator cars, and the 1899 hydraulic (液压的) equipment, are still functioning in the Eiffel Tower elevators that go to the third floor in the east and west pillars (柱子). The equipment has been updated, but it is essentially the same technology that was used more than a century ago.
1. Originally, the Eiffel Tower was built to ________.| A．serve the World’s Fair | B．work as communications tools |
| C．store newspapers | D．appeal to more visitors |
| A．repaired carefully | B．constructed again |
| C．handled easily | D．destroyed completely |
| A．have no access to the private apartment of Gustave Eiffel |
| B．can get into the Eiffel Tower without paying the admission fee |
| C．will find the tower still has radio antenna and transmitter placed in it |
| D．can buy a daily commemorative edition of the newspaper Le Figaro |
| A．the Eiffel Tower was painted in a single shade |
| B．the technology of the elevators has been changed |
| C．visitors can not enter the Eiffel Tower after 11 pm |
| D．the Eiffel Tower looks like the Statue of Liberty |
【推荐1】Are you the type to run before breakfast in the morning? Working out on an empty stomach won't hurt you—and it may actually help depending on your goal.
Exercising before eating comes with the risk of being light-headed due to low blood sugar. You might feel tired or uneasy, and won't be able to work out as energetically as you would have. A light amount of food is important for older adults over 55—especially in the morning. But if your primary exercise goal is weight loss, exercising on an empty stomach may come with some promising benefits. There's some research to support the idea that working out in a fasted (禁食) state can burn more fat than exercising in a fed state.
Working out on an empty stomach, however, may not prove true for everyone. "Some people, young and in amazing physical shape, suggest fasted exercise," says Douglas Paddon-Jones, a muscle physiology (生理学) researcher of aging and health. "They have no health matters, and what they're eating is super-high quality and carefully regulated." On the other hand, working out in a fasted state without proper planning or professional management may run the risk of unhealthy body changes.
For people who aren't athletes, having food before a workout may be the best way to get the most fat-burning benefit. "You don't want to fill up; you just want to give your body a burst of energy to power your training period. After you exercise, drink some water—but wait 60 to 90 minutes before eating." Says Shivani Sahni, director of the nutrition (营养) program at Harvard University's Institute for Aging Research. "You're trying to take advantage of your promoted metabolic rate (代谢速率) after exercise, so if you can go an hour or an hour and a half without eating, you'll maximize (最大化) the fat-burning response," says she.
1. Who should have a little food before morning exercise?| A．Seniors over fifty-five. | B．Professional athletes. |
| C．Adults over twenty-five. | D．Regular runners. |
| A．To appear younger. | B．To become athletic. |
| C．To achieve excitement. | D．To burn fat at most. |
| A．Improve diet quality. | B．Drink water after exercise. |
| C．Exercise without eating. | D．Do exercise regularly. |
| A．strict | B．careful | C．confident | D．calm |
【推荐2】Since pre-industrial times, the world’s oceans have warmed by an average of 1 degree Celsius. Now researchers report that those rising temperatures have led to widespread changes in the population size of marine（海洋的）species.
A new study from the University of Bristol,UK, aims to find out how climate change is impacting the distribution,population and seasonality of marine species.
The study’s senior author,Martin Genner, an evolutionary ecologist, said: “We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at， from plankton（浮游生物）to marine invertebrates（无脊椎动物），and from fish to seabirds. ”
Based on these findings,researchers reasoned that marine species should be doing well at the leading edge of their ranges but poorly at their trailing side.
The study found that 304 widely distributed marine species over the last century were indeed more abundant（大量的）at the poleward ends of their sample range. This suggests that marine species haven’t managed to adapt to warmer conditions. They may continue to move poleward as sea temperatures increase further,impactiing the livelihood of equatorward coastal towns.
“This matters because it means that climate change is not only leading to abundance changes,but affects the performance of species locally,” Genner said. “While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms,we will also see continued loss of marine in the near future. ”
The researchers said that more work is needed to understand how climate change has affected marine life in all regions of the world in greater detail. Genner questioned, “Is this mainly related to the physiological（生理的）limits of the species, or instead due to changes in the species with which they interact?”
1. What does the new study from the University of Bristol try to discover?| A．How many marine species the climate change influences. |
| B．Directions in which marine species move in different seasons. |
| C．How the climate change affects the population of marine species. |
| D．Similarities between certain species affected by the climate change. |
| A．There are new marine species in the poles. |
| B．At least 304 marine species were less widely distributed. |
| C．There is a sharp decline in the number of marine species. |
| D．The abundance of many marine species increased on poleward sides. |
| A．Climate change can make the coast inhabitable. |
| B．Marine species haven’t adjusted to warmer temperatures. |
| C．Marine species may continue to move toward the equator. |
| D．Ocean warming improves the environment for marine species. |
| A．The interaction among marine species. |
| B．The physiological limits of marine species. |
| C．The other possible factors behind this trend. |
| D．The changes in the performance of local species. |
【推荐3】The Notre Dame fire has been put out, but its spire and a large portion of its wooden roof have been damaged. The terrible destruction causes a sudden sharp pain to people around the world. On Chinese social media network Wechat a common comment on the disaster is: “What a pity that we cannot see the damaged parts of the wonder anymore.”
But the good news is that there is at least one way of seeing them, namely via a video game called Assassin’s Creed: Unity. In this game, the player can travel to one city after another and enter the buildings exactly like what they are in reality, and see Notre Dame as it was before the fire. Further, with virtual reality technology, which is already quite mature, one can even look around the undamaged Notre Dame as if it is still there. Maybe digital technology could help to better protect architectural cultural heritage.
The idea of digitizing ancient buildings, making digital models of them so their data can be saved, dates back to the 1990s and the necessary technology has continued to advance since then. By scanning the ancient buildings with lasers, building 3D models with multiple images, as well as measuring everything precisely, engineers can make a copy as accurate as the real one.
As computers and smartphones are hugely popular, the digital replica has great use value. First, it allows tourists to feel the cultural relics without touching them, which helps protect them. The virtual tour of Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu Province is a good example of this as tourists can view the paintings without standing near them. Furthermore, it can make the digitized cultural relics more famous by spreading awareness about them via the Internet. In 2000, a virtual tour of the Great Wall became very popular at the Hannover World Expo, which increased the number of foreign tourists visiting the site in the following years. Above all, it preserves all the information of the cultural relics. Even if the original ones are damaged one day, people can still know what they were like and can build a replica if desired.
Of course, however precise a model is, it is not the original. Time is the biggest threat to a country’s architectural heritage, which will always become ruins with the passing of time. Maybe we will have better technologies in the future, but the digital technology offers a practical way to preserve architectural cultural heritage at the moment.
1. What will engineers do to create a digital replica of the ancient buildings?| A．Improve the technology needed. | B．Scan the photos of the buildings. |
| C．Build 3D models of full size. | D．Measure all the parts exactly. |
| A．It keeps the relics safe. | B．It helps to guard the relics. |
| C．It gathers data of the relics. | D．It advertises the history of the relics. |
| A．By comparison. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By classification. | D．By listing data. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Ambiguous. |
| C．Supportive. | D．Conservative. |
