Time flies, or so they say. No matter where you are, humans are constantly measuring and checking time. Some of us are good at it—planning and doing things ahead of time—while others are always trying to beat the clock and do things at last. What about if you are behind time?
Delay can be serious. If you were one minute late for work, would you resign? It may sound extreme to many of us, but that is exactly what occurred in the UK upper chamber of parliament, the House of Lords, in January 2018. International development minister Lord Bates arrived one minute late, and, as a result, was unable to answer a scheduled question. Instead of trying to make up for lost time, he resigned on the spot. He apologised for his discourtesy and stated that he was ashamed. His resignation, though, was not accepted by the UK prime minister.
So, how late is too late? Many cultures take punctuality very seriously, whereas others seem to accept lagging behind
as just the normal way of things. BBC employees from Latin America, Rwanda and Sri Lanka said that there are more flexible attitudes to timekeeping in their cultures. In Latin America, things may happen five minutes, 20 minutes, an hour or even two after they were planned. Whereas, in Sri Lanka, lateness is a part of the daily routine. This is because of poor infrastructure and heavy traffic conditions. In Rwanda, those who attend to deadlines with strick timekeeping are said to be “like a typical European”.
On the other hand, German and Japanese employees mentioned a stricter adherence to time. In Japan, it is common to make an effort to arrive with time to spare for an appointment. Those who arrived at the stroke of nine to a meeting starting at 9 am would be considered late. In Germany, however, if a dinner party were to begin at eight, a person who had arrived five minutes prior, may walk around the block to make sure that they arrive at eight on the dot.
1. What did Lord Bates do when he arrived one minutes late?A.He continued to answer questions. | B.He resigned on the spot. |
C.He made up for lost time. | D.He apologized and ran away. |
A.rudeness | B.misunderstanding |
C.ignorance | D.position |
A.many cultures take punctuality very seriously |
B.people have flexible attitudes to timekeeping |
C.what is considered acceptable is based on culture |
D.heavy traffic conditions always lead to lateness |
A.Rwanda | B.Latin America |
C.Sri Lanka | D.Japan |
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【推荐1】To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Nahrendorf's declaration that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird locking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use Our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who declare that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not restricted to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
1. Why does the author give the examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl?A.To show that technology could be used to destroy our world. |
B.To stress the author's concern about the safety of complex technology. |
C.To prove that technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man. |
D.To demonstrate that being a human creation, technology is likely to make an error. |
A.were out of range | B.got out of control |
C.fell out of use | D.went out of date |
A.it has a great potential impact on society |
B.it has helped to switch to an information technology |
C.the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mind |
D.the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before |
A.keen insight into the nature of technology |
B.sharp criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution |
C.thorough analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computers |
D.comprehensive description of the negative consequences of technology |
【推荐2】Recently, the laboratory of Sami El-Boustani, an assistant professor at the University of Geneva, has studied the role played by motivation in perception (感知) and decision-making. “We wanted to observe how sensory information sent by cortical neurons (大脑皮层神经元) is changed by the degree of motivation and to what extent the latter can have an effect on learning and performance in a decision-making task,” explains Sami El-Boustani.
The research team developed a behavioral pattern involving mice in a controlled water consumption condition. Researchers first trained these mice to respond to the stimulation of two whiskers (鼠须) (A and B) and to produce an action — licking a spout (舔壶嘴)— only for whisker A in order to obtain a drop of water. Following this training, these mice reacted mainly to the stimulation of whisker A. Finally, the researchers conducted these experiments at decreasing levels of thirst in order to vary the motivation of the mice to participate in the task.
In a state of great thirst, mice licked the spout randomly with great motivation. In a state of medium thirst, the choice of their action became ideal. They mainly licked the spout when whisker A was stimulated. Finally, when they were not very thirsty, their performance in the task dropped again. By observing the activity of neuronal populations responsible for perceptual decision-making in these mice, researchers discovered that high-motivation leads to the strong stimulation of cortical neurons, which causes a loss of accuracy in the perception of the stimulation. In contrast, in the low-motivation state, the accuracy of the sensory information was recovered, but the strength of the signal was too low for it to be sent correctly.
These results reveal that the level of motivation does not only impact decision-making but also the perception of sensory information, which leads to the decision. Researchers observed that mice understood the rule very quickly but could only express this learning much later, depending on a changed perception linked to their level of motivation. The research on the role of motivation in learning opens the way to new adaptive methods that aim to maintain the best level of motivation during learning.
1. Which aspect of motivation does the laboratory’s research focus on?A.What role perception plays in motivation. |
B.What effect learning has on motivation. |
C.How motivation affects decision making. |
D.How sensory information affects motivation. |
A.The methods of conducting the experiment. |
B.The limitations of the experiment. |
C.The significance of the experiment. |
D.The results of the experiment. |
A.they were pushed by high motivation |
B.the perception of stimulation was inaccurate |
C.the signal was not strong enough |
D.they were motivated to a medium degree |
A.A lasting motivation can brings about a proper decision. |
B.People have difficulty maintaining the best level of motivation. |
C.Flexible methods are needed to maintain the right degree of motivation. |
D.High motivation makes the brain process sensory information accurately. |
【推荐3】Having your nose in a book might seem a little anti-social at times—but reading could actually make you a kinder, more considerate person, a study has found. Readers were more likely to act in a socially acceptable manner, while those who preferred watching television came across as less friendly and less understanding of others’ views, researchers said.
123 participants in the study were quizzed on their preferences for books, TV and plays at Kingston University, London. They were then tested on how much they considered people’s feelings and whether they acted to help others. Researchers told the British Psychological Society conference in Brighton yesterday that fiction fans showed more positive social behavior.
Readers of drama and romance novels were also empathetic, while lovers of experimental books showed the ability to see things from different directions. Comedy fans scored the highest for relating to others. The study suggested reading allows people to see different points of view enabling them to understand others better.
The researchers added, “Exposure to fiction relates to a range of empathetic abilities. Engaging with fictional prose and comedy in particular could be key to improving people’s empathetic abilities.”
However, the authors warned the study did not prove cause-and-effect. So it could be that reading causes positive behavior, or it could be that thoughtful, well-mannered people are more likely to prefer reading. So it is a good idea to pick up a book to begin your travel with the author. Each author will show how they would react to certain situations through their characters. Everyone can view the same situation differently, and from 1,001 different angles. The more you read, the much better you can understand other peoples’ opinions.
1. Why did the writer mention the result of watching television?A.The writer is a anti-social reporter. | B.The writer shows benefits of reading. |
C.The writer is a considerate person. | D.The writer becomes socially acceptable. |
A.The skills of communicating. | B.The time of reading books. |
C.The places of getting new books. | D.The ways of expressing feelings. |
A.Readers of drama. | B.Writers of romance novels. |
C.Readers of comedy. | D.Readers of experiments. |
【推荐1】Chinese writer Mo Yan’s Nobel Prize for Literature might ignite an explosion of global interest in Chinese literature and lead to more titles translated into English, European experts say.
“Hopefully, the award means more people will read Chinese literature and more works will get translated,” says Michel Hockx, professor of the Languages and Cultures of China and Inner Asia from University of London. “Many very good Chinese writers have been accepted globally for a long time already. Mo Yan is probably the most translated Chinese writer alive, with at least five of his novels made available in English over the past 20 years.”
Jonathan Ruppin, web editor of bookseller Foyles, says Mo’s win coincides with growing interest in Chinese literature and recognizes the talents of a distinctive and visionary writer. “We are very excited by the fact that English translations of more of his books should now become available,” Ruppin says. He made the comment after Mo became the first Chinese citizen to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in its century-long history.
As East-West cultural exchange has been booming, Chinese literature has been attracting growing attention in recent years. Hockx explains, “It’s mainly because there are many more opportunities for Chinese writers to visit other countries, to publish their works outside China and to interact with readers abroad. At the same time, more and more people globally are learning Chinese and taking an interest in the Chinese language and culture .”
University of Oxford lecturer in modern Chinese literature Margaret Hillenbrand says, “The obvious reason for the growing global presence of Chinese literature is the growing global presence of China itself. People have come to realize that there is a serious knowledge deficit between China and its international counterparts — in particular,China knows incomparably more about Europe and America than the other way round— and reading Chinese literature is an effective, simple means of solving that gap.”
1. The underlined word “ignite” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”.A.start out | B.burn up |
C.set off | D.appeal to |
A.Chinese writers have been writing more and more books in English |
B.the Chinese language has become the most wide used language in the world |
C.the Chinese government attaches great importance to literature |
D.the cultural communication between China and western countries has developed |
A.Chinese literature has spread with the development of China. |
B.The Nobel Prize for Literature has a history of hundreds of years. |
C.In the past, no Chinese writers were accepted outside China. |
D.Foreigners know about China mainly by reading Mo Yan’s works. |
A.China knows more about Europe and America than before. |
B.China knows more about Europe and America than they know about China. |
C.China, Europe and America know one another more than before. |
D.Compared with America, China knows more about Europe. |
【推荐2】In the film Inside Out, 11-year-old Riley’s emotions are personified as brightly colored internal figures that drive her behaviors. The same five emotions—anger, fear, disgust (憎恶), sadness, and joy—appear in every other character’s head as well, functioning in much the same way in each individual. In Western cultures, this is the case, argues psychologist Batja Mesquita in Between Us. Emotions in such contexts, she writes, are considered “MINE,” or “Mental, INside the person, and Essentialist,” the latter defined in the book as always having the same properties.
This conception of emotion is not universal, however. Emotions elsewhere, she argues, are thought of as “OURS”—“OUtside the person, Relational, and Situated.” Using this distinction, Mesquita sets about contrasting emotions in “the West,” where the individual is the top concern, with “the Rest,” where community is prioritized.
Mesquita describes amae as a central emotion in Japanese culture, where it builds interdependence by encouraging tolerance in parenting process. She describes hasham—which includes shame, embarrassment, and social respectability—as a fundamental emotion for Egyptian Bedouins (游牧人). Such observations provide a background for her to explore a range of issues, including childhood socialization, the nature of friendship, the role of language in shaping emotions, and cross-cultural communication in a globalized world.
Despite Mesquita’s emphasis on cross-cultural emotions, there is little discussion of whether the MINE-OURS dichotomy (二分法) accurately explains global cultural variation. Other scholars have noted, for example, that hunter-gatherer societies at the same time emphasize both individual self-government and social cooperation. And in an apparent contradiction to her earlier arguments, Mesquita herself ultimately concludes that Westerners have OURS emotions.
Taken as a whole, however, the book contributes much to the discussion of the origins of emotions, presenting a remarkable collection of cross-cultural studies intermixed with personal stories about foreign residents’ struggles to reunite diverse emotional and social worlds. In chapter 8, for example, Mesquita describes an incident where she—a Dutch native living in the United States—bumped into the famous American psychologist Hazel Markus at a conference Markus helped organize. Wishing to express understanding of Markus’s workload, Mesquita declared “You look a little tired.” The remark appeared to make Markus nervous and confused but was intended as an expression of sympathy—to sympathize in Dutch is to acknowledge suffering, not offer comfort as in the US.
The book’s take-home message is fundamental: There are no natural emotions, no inborn emotions, no universal emotions. Mesquita argues that emotions are “meaning making” and “a preparation for action” and that the idea of “emotions as inner states” is a Western construct. Instead, she suggests that emotions are a “dance” cocreated between people who live in a specific cultural context at a particular historical moment.
1. In Between Us, Mesquita indicates that ______.A.the Japanese build kids’ emotion of shame in parenting |
B.MINE-OURS dichotomy is the very cause of cross-cultural emotions |
C.emotions outside “the West” are considered community-centred |
D.hunter-gatherers have both emotions of “OURS” and “MINE” |
A.the emotion of sympathy is to offer help in Dutch culture |
B.foreign residents from different cultures usually unite as one |
C.as Dutch Mesquita shows her personality of warmth and caring |
D.cross-cultural emotional exchanges probably cause misunderstanding |
A.Family education hardly influences one’s emotions. |
B.Sociocultural contexts largely contribute to emotions. |
C.Western people’s emotions have no properties of OURS. |
D.Internal factors play a vital role in shaping how we feel. |
A.The cultural landscape of emotions | B.The cultural origin of emotions |
C.The cultural convention of emotions | D.The cultural shock of emotions |
【推荐3】To the Sweden, there are few smells more attractive than surströmming (臭鲱鱼). To most non-Sweden there are probably few smells more repulsive — the fish has been described variously as smelling like sour cat litter, or even droppings-like. In determining which smells people find pleasant or not, surströmming suggests culture must play a size able part.
New research, however, suggests that might not be the case. Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and Asifa Majid, a psychologist at the University of Oxford, began with the expectation that culture would play an important role in determining pleasant smells. This was not just because of examples like that of surströmming. They knew from past experiments by other researchers that culture was important in determining which sorts of faces people found beautiful.
To study how smell and culture relate, the researchers presented ten smells. These smells varied from herb to isovaleric acid, the chemical responsible for smelly socks. More in-between smells, which the team thought might split opinions, included octanoic acid; and octenol, an carthy smell found in many mushrooms. The cultures doing the smelling varied widely too, including hunters, farmers and city folk.
All 235 participants were asked to rank smells according to pleasantness. The researchers found that pleasantness ran kings were remarkable consistent regardless of where people came from. Isovaleric acid was hated by the vast majority, only eight giving it a score of l to 3 (I was very pleasant and 10 was very unpleasant ). On the other hand, more than 190 people gave herb a score of l to 3. Overall, the chemical composition of the smells explained 41 % of the reactions that participants had. In contrast, cultural upbringing accounted for just 6 %
Even so, while culture didn't shape perceptions (感知) of smells in the way that it shapes perceptions of faces, the researchers did find an “eye of the beholder” effect. Randomness, which the researchers suggest has to come from personal preference learned from outside individual culture, accounted for 54 % of the difference in which smells people liked.
1. What does the underlined word “repulsive” mean in the first paragraph?A.Enjoyable. | B.Awful |
C.Special. | D.Unusual. |
A.Octenol. | B.Herb. |
C.Octanoic acid . | D.Isovalericacid. |
A.Personal taste. | B.Cultural background. |
C.Life experience. | D.Chemical composition. |
A.You Are What You Smell | B.Culture determine Smells |
C.People Like the Same Smells | D.Smells Are the Same as Beauty |