In most cases wars are initiated by governments,not by populations.And,most of the time,they are the result of disputes over resources and land,or of a government’s desire to increase its influence and power.However, looking back over the history of warfare,what is most striking is how willing most people have been to fight in wars,or at least to support them.
The early American psychologist William James once suggested that war is so popular because of its positive psychological effects.It creates a sense of unity in the face of a collective threat and inspires individual citizens (not just soldiers) to behave honorably and unselfishly, in the service of a greater good.It supplies meaning and purpose beyond the routine of everyday life.War also enables the expression of higher human qualities that often lie hidden in ordinary life,such as courage and self-sacrifice.
James’s argument is that human beings need to find activities that provide the same positive effects of warfare but which don’t involve the same destruction,or as he calls it.“the moral equivalent of war”.
In stable , peaceful and more economically developed countries,life is so rich and varied that there are many ways of satisfying these needs—through sport,our careers,entertainment and hobbies.However, in other parts of the world where life is especially hard—when people live in poverty and are oppressed,and where there is little hope for the future,it's harder to satisfy those impulses,and if there is an obvious enemy or oppressor to direct them towards,then war is almost unavoidable.
This isn’t to say that a waning party may not have a just cause,and this argument doesn’t explore other important social and psychological factors involved in war, such as social identity and moral exclusion.However, it does show that any stable.1asting peace depends on creating societies with a richness of opportunity and variety that can meet human needs.The fact that so many societies throughout the world fail to do this makes our future prospects of peace look very gloomy.The author’s attitude towards the future is __________.
A.pessimistic | B.optimistic |
C.objective | D.uncertain |
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【推荐1】Goog morning, Ladies and gentleman. My topic is “________”.
Now in the 21st century, advertising is more and more important for people. Why? I think it is because through advertising, people, especially the businessmen, can introduce their products to the people all over the world. Because of this, many companies spend a lot of money on advertising. As we all know, there are many advertisements which are very interesting and popular. For example, Michael Jordan made an interesting advertisement for Nike. From this you can see how the companies make their products known to the world.
People can make a lot of money through advertising. It is known that many famous singers and movie stars make money in this way. However, I don’t think this is a good way for them to make money, because they are not the professional advertisers, especially those who advertise in medicine advertisements.
Nowadays, advertising not only means making the products known, but also means make ourselves known to people around us. Living today, we have to make people believe in us if we want to do important jobs. But how can this be done? We should first let other people know our good side: the good habits and abilities we have. In short, we should always remember to advertise ourselves to others. As I said before, advertising is not only important for companies but also for everyone, for all human beings. This is the most interesting thing about advertising.
1. The best topic to fill in the line in the first paragraph is “________”.A.The Importance of Advertising | B.Making Money through Advertising |
C.Advertising Ourselves | D.Advice on Advertisements |
A.advertisement | B.story | C.speech | D.report |
A.Many companies are willing to spend money on advertising. |
B.Advertising can make some people rich. |
C.People can introduce their products through advertisements. |
D.Advertising is not necessary for anyone. |
【推荐2】The idea that richer countries are happier may seem obvious. However, in 1974, research by economist Richard Easterlin found otherwise. He discovered that while individuals with higher incomes were more likely to be happy, this did not hold at a national level. In the United States, for example, average income per person rose steadily between 1946 and 1970, but reported happiness levels showed no positive long-term trend; in fact, they declined between 1060 and 1970. These differences between nation-level and individual results gave rise to the term “Easterlin paradox”: the idea that a higher rate of economic growth does not result in higher long-term happiness.
Recent research has challenged the Easternlin paradox, however. In 2013, sociologists Ruut Veenhoven conducted a study using statistics from the World Database of Happiness. Their analysis revealed a positive correlation between economic growth and happiness. Another study found that there is no maximum wealth threshold at which more money ceases to bring you happiness: “If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it.” The study’s findings suggested that every extra dollar you earn makes you happier.
According to psychologists Selin Kesebir, happiness also depends on how your income compares to the people around you. They argue that a country’s economic growth only makes its citizens happier if wealth is evenly distributed. In emerging countries with high income inequality—where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer—average happiness tends to drop because only relatively few people benefit from the economic prosperity. This suggests that governments should consider implementing policies to ensure equal distribution of wealth. The happier people are, the more productive they are likely to become, thus leading to improved economic outcomes at the individual and national levels.
There is continuing debate about the link between wealth and happiness, with arguments both for and against the notion that richer countries are happier. However, it is clear that wealth alone isn’t enough to make us happy. The effect of income inequality on happiness shows that happiness is a social responsibility. We need to remember the positive effects of generosity and building social connections. Perhaps our focus should be less on how much money we have, and more on how we use it.
1. According to the passage, Easterlin Paradox refers to ________.A.The fact that the more money people have, the happier they will feel |
B.The suggestion that money should be given the top priority |
C.The question how economic outcomes are distributed nationwide |
D.The opinion that higher income doesn’t necessarily bring happiness |
A.satisfaction | B.controversial | C.central | D.sensitive |
A.Money not enough. | B.Money not fairly distributed. |
C.Money not legally earned. | D.Money not properly used. |
A.What brings happiness | B.Easternlin paradox |
C.Wealth and Happiness | D.Rising income, rising happiness |
【推荐3】Many high school students want to know the differences between the school life in high schools and universities. In order to help them get ready for the life in the university, four college students are invited to share their school life and give advice to high school students.
Student | School life | Advice |
Huang Jing (Guangxi) | High school: I lived with my parents. I walked to school every day because it was near my home. University: I have to live in a dormitory (宿舍) with four roommates. | Learn to take good care of yourself. |
Lu Qiang (Hubei) | High school: I spent most of the time having classes and doing my homework. University: I have more time to learn what I'm interested in. | Form the habit of learning by yourself. |
Yan Tingli (Zhejiang) | High school: I didn't like PE classes at all and I seldom did sports. University: PE classes are very important to us. We have to pass the PE tests to graduate. | Do sports regularly. |
Zhong Zhi (Anhui) | High school: I stayed at school all day long and learned from books. University: I take some part-time jobs to get some working experience. | Take part in some social activities. |
A.Guangxi. | B.Hubei. | C.Zhejiang. | D.Anhui. |
A.Taking care of yourself. | B.Forming the habit of learning by yourself. |
C.Doing sports regularly. | D.Taking part in some social activities. |
A.Huang Jing. | B.Lu Qiang. | C.Yan Tingli. | D.Zhong Zhi. |
A.To make some friends. | B.To improve his English. |
C.To enjoy good food. | D.To get some working experience. |
A.Parents. | B.High school students. |
C.Doctors. | D.Middle school teachers. |
【推荐1】SANAA—Yemeni artist Rawya Ahmed opened her first personal exhibition in the Houthi—controlled Yemeni capital, Sanaa. Instead of visualizing the pains of war and destruction, the artist’s paintings offer a rare peaceful beauty, which she hopes will ease the suffering of the people who have been caught up in the bloody war.
“For me, it was a discharge of negative energy that I have got during the war. I used to feel annoyed but didn’t know how to get rid of the pressures. Luckily, I finally found that I could seek shelter in the beautiful things.” Ahmed says.
Ahmed’s exhibition is rare in Yemen since the war erupted in 2014. For most Yemenis, the most urgent problems are escaping the next air attack or finding the next meal for their families. But some artists, like Ahmed, are now trying to put the country in a positive light through their brushes and colors, and to find an escape for the people and themselves to momentarily forget the sounds of explosions and air attack.
In Ahmed’s paintings, she has tried to change the misery on people’s faces by using delightful colors.
“In the exhibition, we have special sections on paintings of famous people in the country, such as the Yemeni writer and poet Abdullah AIBaradouni, and the singer Abu Bakr Salem,” Ahmed says, adding that the artistic portraits of familiar faces can offer people a reminder of the time before the war erupted.
Many visitors who came to the exhibition believed it could relieve the despair inside the hearts.
Samah A-Wajih, one of the visitors who attended the exhibition, expressed her gladness about the paintings and wished all the world to see that there is still beauty, despite the destruction in the country.
“This certainly calls on the world that there are hope and life inside this war stricken country.” AI-Wajih says.
Abdul Wasea Al-Ahnoumi, an organizer of the exhibition, says, “Young men and women are looking, through their paintings, for love, peace and safety away from the war. In these drawings, you can feel the touches of a person who wants peace and a good life far off the crazy war that destroyed souls.”
1. Which of the following may best describe Ahmed’s first personal exhibition?A.Informative. | B.Comforting | C.Disgusting. | D.Entertaining. |
A.To indicate that celebrities are willing to donate money to charities. |
B.To reveal that some successful people are no exception in the war. |
C.To show that their portraits can bring back memories of the past. |
D.To prove that famous people are more sensitive to the war than others. |
A.It plays an important role in ending the sufferings of them. |
B.It enables them to detect love, peace and safety in their mind. |
C.It makes them feel that beauty exists’ where there is no destruction. |
D.It helps them forget the sounds of explosions and air attack forever. |
A.Paintings Can Remove the Despair in Us: | B.The Crazy War Has Ruined Many Souls. |
C.Peace And Art Are Both Worth Protecting. | D.Artist Offers Hope in War-stricken Country. |