The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias (偏见) in which people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are. Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities. This phenomenon is something you have likely experienced in real life, perhaps at a holiday family gathering. Throughout the course of the meal, a member of your extended family begins spouting off on a topic, boldly announcing that he is correct and that everyone else’s opinion is stupid, uninformed, and just plain wrong. It may be plainly evident to everyone that this person has no idea what he is talking about, but he talks continuously, blithely oblivious (忘乎所以) to his own ignorance.
The effect is named after researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, two social psychologists. They found incompetent people are not only poor performers, they are also unable to accurately assess and recognize the quality of their own work. These low performers were also unable to recognize the skill and competence levels of other people, which is part of the reason why they consistently view themselves as better, more capable, and more knowledgeable than others.
This is the reason why students who earn failing scores on exams sometimes feel that they deserved a much higher score. They overestimate their own knowledge and ability and are incapable of seeing the poorness of their performance.
“In many cases, the incompetent are often blessed with an inappropriate confidence, encouraged by something that feels to them like knowledge.” Dunning and his colleagues have also performed experiments where they ask respondents if they are familiar with terms related to subjects including politics, biology, physics, and geography. Along with genuine concepts, they added completely made-up terms. In one such study, approximately 90 percent of respondents claimed that they had at least some knowledge of the made-up terms.
So what can you do to gain a more realistic assessment of your own abilities? Instead of assuming you know all there is to know about a subject, keep digging deeper. Once you gain greater knowledge of a topic, the more likely you are to recognize how much there is still to learn. Another effective strategy involves asking others for constructive criticism. While it can sometimes be difficult to hear, such feedback can provide valuable insights into how others perceive your abilities. Even as you learn more and get feedback, it can be easy to only pay attention to things that confirm what you think you already know. In order to minimize this confirmation bias, keep challenging your beliefs and expectations and seek out information that challenges your ideas.
1. What can we learn about the Dunning-Kruger effect from the first paragraph?A.The Dunning-Kruger effect is rare for us to confirm. |
B.Incompetent people can be blind to their own ignorance. |
C.Ignorance leads people to underestimate their own abilities. |
D.Poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability have a close connection. |
A.Underestimate their own skill levels. |
B.Feel more realistic about their competence. |
C.Recognize their own mistakes and lack of skills. |
D.Fail to recognize the genuine skill of other people. |
A.The meaningless terms may cause respondents to feel ashamed. |
B.The participants pretended to know what they actually didn’t know. |
C.The aim of the experiments was to assess how smart the participants were. |
D.Most of the respondents claimed they were unfamiliar with the make-up terms. |
A.Ask people for helpful feedbacks. |
B.Minimize the bias and challenges. |
C.Assume that you know everything. |
D.Gain confidence and trust yourself. |
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【推荐1】Garden recycling is a great way to help the environment while saving money and sparking(激发)the imagination.
There are several benefits to garden recycling. The most common of them is saving the environment.
There's a place for everything in the garden. Fountains, ponds, and other water features can be made easily from found objects.
A.There are several ways to recycle in the garden. |
B.Reusing everyday items helps keep trash out of landfills. |
C.Wildlife shelters can also be included in garden recycling. |
D.Reusing old objects or materials in the garden is nothing new. |
E.So, when it comes to garden recycling, the possibilities are endless. |
F.Dishes can also be reused for decorating other items by breaking them. |
G.One of the most popular ways to garden recycle is by reusing old objects as garden art. |
【推荐2】Patience is one of those things we wish and may even pray for, but still it feels like it’s an unreachable goal because kids are so good at pushing our buttons. But one thing I’ve learned after being a mom for 33 years is that patience is like a muscle and you can get better at it if you continually exercise your patience muscles. No weightlifter starts with a 200-pound weight. They start with small weights, and as they learn to control the small weights, they keep increasing the weights. If you’d like to grow your patience muscles, then I have a plan for you.
When you feel your patience wearing thin, the first baby step you can take is to walk away or give yourself a time-out. Whatever it takes for you to calm down—deep breathing, counting to 10 or sending your child to his or her room, do it. This is so critical because what you say in anger and what you say when you feel calm are two different things,
Once you feel you are somewhat calm, listen to your child. This means you’ll have to stop talking, and let them speak without your correction. As you listen, seek to understand instead of being concerned about whether your child is listening to you. Try to figure out why they’re acting a certain way and why they respond as they do. There’s always a possible reason for your child’s behavior. Listening to your kids can help you know the true reason.
Besides, I encourage you to filter (过滤) your words. Think about what you are about to say and how it will sound to your child. I understand that filtering every word that comes out of your mouth is not a realistic goal. But you can start by filtering your responses in conversation that is about sensitive (敏感的) topics. It’s a very good start.
The more you take small steps in patience-building, the stronger your patience will become. It will take time but eventually, your parenting patience will increase.
1. What does the author intend to tell us in the first paragraph?A.Building patience is a difficult task. |
B.Patience can be improved through practice. |
C.Lacking patience is a common problem among kids. |
D.Patience is an important soft skill for successful athletes. |
A.Important. | B.Difficult. | C.Pleasant. | D.Polite. |
A.To calm down faster. | B.To win the trust of kids. |
C.To understand the kids better. | D.To improve kids’ performance at home. |
A.Look before you leap. | B.Every man has his value. |
C.Put yourself in others’ shoes. | D.All your efforts will pay off. |
【推荐3】Starting a business is a long game with joys and hardships. Here are a few things you can do right now to get better.
Many entrepreneurs(企业家)agree that setting short-term and long-term goals is the key to success. Write down your goals for the next year or more.
Find your passion quickly but cheaply.
Be a master of social media.
Becoming an expert at social media may be the most important thing to better your entrepreneurial dreams. Using social media, you'll reach a global audience. By growing and managing your online presence, you will enlarge the influence of your brand.
Such additions to your daily life are lifestyle changes that will improve your chances of success. They may seem insignificant now, but when you've succeeded, you'll appreciate the role they played.
A.Set manageable goals. |
B.Write down short-term goals. |
C.And success is likely to follow. |
D.Social media is essential to entrepreneurship. |
E.It is important to learn what gets you excited. |
F.You'll be glad you took the time to win the game. |
G.It may take some time to tick off all the points on your list. |
【推荐1】That children are the hopes of our tomorrow is statement that is repeated time and again. And it is an axiom(格言); they are our pillars of the coming time. But then do we train them into becoming healthy human beings?
Healthy human beings here are not meant the physical well being, but the good human being, that is, one with virtues and values keeps them in the state of working towards the benefit of humanity.
How can children absorb within themselves the virtues and values? Well, this is the primary responsibility of parents and other immediate family members, followed by school authorities. The values and virtues of an individual is sown in their childhood and as they grow up.
Depending on the way we bring up our children, we decide our own future. It is vital that in the formative years we give them quality time and attention. We teach them to discriminate between the good, bad and the ugly. We have to teach them use positive emotive like love and compassion and teach them actions of kindness and generosity. At the same time we have to help them do away with the negatives of hatred, anger, jealousy, selfishness, etc.
Your child is like a plant. You sow the seeds and also reap the benefits of its growth and development. First and foremost you as a parent have to realize your responsibility in nurturing a child to grow into a good human being. And it is just not up to anyone of the parents, but both together to inculcate(谆谆教诲)the values and virtues into your child.
1. What should a good human being have?A.A good physical state | B.A good virtue or value |
C.A good career in society | D.A powerful relationship net |
A.Safety sense | B.Lifestyle sense |
C.Transportation sense | D.Responsibility sense |
A.Family parents | B.Child experts |
C.Health researchers | D.Primary school teachers |
A.Children are parents’ hope |
B.Educating children is a tough thing |
C.Parents take responsibilities for educating children |
D.Parents have trouble in educating children |
【推荐2】Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life.
Today, most people obtain knowledge through various ways and a large number of people get good education.
Though the only way our world rewards people is to give honor to the winners, not to the losers, by attempting to compete at different activities, we can still learn to win and lose, gain experience and know our strengths and weaknesses. Competition prepares us for the tough things in life.
Whether in games, in study or in business alike, the aim is to win the game, the degree, the trophy, and the contract.
A.Otherwise, you will be defeated. |
B.Modern society demands high-quality talents. |
C.Learning to be competitive is clearly the best preparation for life. |
D.There are also many people who have higher degrees in their special fields. |
E.Children have to learn to be competitive in order to adapt to modern society. |
F.In the natural world, the weak will be replaced by the strong and the fittest can live. |
G.We compete when we play games and when we try to do better than others in our study. |
【推荐3】What Is Good Citizenship?
Good citizenship is generally defined as how a citizen performs a role to become a useful member of society. This involves duties and responsibilities that may be expressed through laws and regulations.
Citizenship, in its general sense, is being part of a community.
A good citizen is an important part of a progressive state. As covered by the social contract theory, a government is established to manage interaction among citizens, define an individual’s rights, enforce these rights, and make sure just compensation (补偿) is obtained when these rights are not obeyed.
A.There are many characteristics of good citizenship. |
B.Being a good citizen is important in improving the community. |
C.Apart from these characteristics, a good citizen knows and obeys the laws of the land. |
D.In turn, the citizens hand over to the government the powers that may limit some freedom. |
E.This may also involve your behaviors expressed through the recognition of right and wrong. |
F.As citizens, we care about others and being good members of our communities and our country. |
G.Good citizenship lies in the recognition that members of a community work together to improve their lives and their relationship with one another. |