Climate change has been blamed for killer hurricanes，sea level rise，and drought，but a new report suggests the effects of climate change might hit the world's coffee supply. Up to 70 percent of the world's coffee supply could be threatened over the next 66 years，according to a new study by researchers at England's Royal Botanic Gardens.
Nearly 100 percent of the world's Arabica coffee growing regions could become unsuitable for the plant by 2080，according to the study. Beans from Arabica coffee plants account for about 70 percent of the world's coffee，but the plant also has to be grown under strict weather conditions: they grow well at temperatures between 64 and 70 degrees Celsius，and are highly influenced by frost or temperatures higher than 73 degrees Celsius.
With temperatures estimated to increase by between 1.8 and 4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century，the fragile plant might become increasingly expensive and difficult to grow，especially in places such as Ethiopia and Kenya. In that worst case，nearly all of the world's native Arabica coffee would die out. Under more conservative(保守的) estimates，about 65 percent of the regions used to grow the coffee would become unsuitable for it. The evidence from coffee farmers and coffee growing regions around the world is that they are already suffering from the influences of increased warming.
Some farmers would likely be able to move their operations to other areas or would be able to overcome climate change with artificial cooling techniques，but wild Arabica is generally considered to be much more suitable for making high－quality coffee.
If Arabica becomes impossible to raise in its native areas，it could do serious damage to the economies of the mainly third－world countries in which it grows. Coffee is the world's most popular drink and is the second most traded product in the world，behind oil.
1. What can be learned from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?| A．According to the study，by 2080 nowhere can be suitable for Arabica coffee growing. |
| B．65 percent of the world's coffee gets raw materials from Arabica coffee plants. |
| C．Arabica coffee plants will grow well at temperatures lower than 60 degrees Celsius. |
| D．Coffee farmers are the biggest victims of climate change. |
| A．would make efforts to produce high－quality coffee |
| B．would bring in artificial cooling techniques |
| C．would tend to move to some warm places |
| D．would grow more wild Arabica |
| A．Coffee will replace oil to be the first most－traded commodity. |
| B．Coffee is likely to become less popular than before. |
| C．Some countries will suffer great economic losses. |
| D．Farmers will plant other crops instead of coffee. |
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【推荐1】During the COP27 climate conference (会议) in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, an important deal on “loss and damage” was reached. This was a big step forward because at COP26 conference in Glasgow, Scotland, there were no talks on loss and damage at all. The plan is that richer countries will pay money into a special fund that will be used to help poor countries.
Loss and damage means the damaging impact of climate change on developing countries. For nearly 30 years, poorer countries have been asking richer countries for money to help to protect communities from the effects of climate change. Richer countries have produced the most greenhouse gases, but poorer countries are often the worst affected by extreme weather conditions because they are less well equipped to face extreme climate events.
Brazil’s newly elected President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva made a speech about preserving the largest rainforest on Earth, the Amazon. During the last 50 years, more than 17% of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed to make way for farms and towns. However, in his speech, Lula promised that there would be zero deforestation (伐树) in the Amazon by 2030. The conference didn’t just focus on world leaders. It brought together more than 45,000 people to discuss how climate change is affecting their lives. Climate refugees (难民) also had their voices heard. Tshilombo from the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya said, “Refugees don’t only flee because of war or conflict. It’s also about drought, the effects of climate change.”
Some countries weren’t happy with the overall outcome of COP27 because decisions weren’t made on cutting the use of fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and oil, etc. The UK Government’s Alok Sharma said, “I’m incredibly disappointed.”
However, this deal was a great achievement for developing countries. Sherry Rehman, the climate minister for Pakistan, said, “I am confident we have tuned a comer in how we work together to achieve climate goals.”
1. What is a successful outcome of the COP27 climate conference?| A．The deal on loss and damage. |
| B．The deal on using fossil fuels. |
| C．The deal on rainforest preservation. |
| D．The deal on helping climate refugees. |
| A．More greenhouse gases. |
| B．Massive deforestation. |
| C．Shortage of money and supplies. |
| D．Terrible weather conditions. |
| A．Climate change is influencing people’s lives. |
| B．17% of the Amazon rainforest was destroyed. |
| C．Many factors lead to the appearance of refugees. |
| D．There will be less deforestation in the Amazon by 2030. |
| A．Never put off till tomorrow. |
| B．Many hands make light work. |
| C．Knowledge starts with practice. |
| D．No way is impossible to courage. |
【推荐2】“Beautiful.” “Attractive.” “Impressive.” “Amazing.” These are just a few of the words that tourists ofter use to describe the beauty of the Greater Yellowstone Area. A new study brings to mind entirely different expressions, however. “Dry!” “Hot” “Threatened.”
Scientists found that the average annual(年度的)temperature in Greater Yellowstone from 1950 to 2018 increased by 2.3 degrees, which is as high as or higher than any other period in the last 20,000 years and likely the warmest in 800,000 years. Also of note is the average annual snowfall, which has decreased by 23 inches since 1950, they observe. The combination of higher temperatures and reduced snowfall means the spring thaw(解冻时期)now begins two weeks earlier than it did in 1950, while steam run-off (径流) reaches the highest level eight days sooner.
Scientists predict by 2100 average annual temperatures in Greater Yellowstone will increase by an additional 5 to l0 degrees, producing 40 to 60 more days per year with temperatures above 90 degrees. From 1986 to 2005, winter snowfall covered 59% of the area. By the end of the century, that number could be as low as 1%. The reduction in snow is due to the increase in temperature over time, which causes more rain instead of snow, explains report co-author Bryan Shuman of the University of Wyoming.
“Greater Yellowstone is valued for its forests, rivers, fish, and wildlife,” says Bryan Shuman. “The tend (趋势) towards a warmer, drier climate described in this study will likely affect ecosystems in the area and the communities that depend on them”
Perhaps the biggest result of climate change in Greater Yellowstone is water scarcity. Currently, cities as far west as Los Angeles depend on snowmelt from Greater Yellowstone for water. Less snowfall means less water- especially in the summer when scientists predict a seasonal lack of water in Greater Yellowstone of up to 79% by the end of the century.
“Although scientists’ predictions are serious, the report still leaves room for optimism: By measuring and carefully watching the influence of climate change now and in the future, they suggest, community leaders can think up climate adaptation strategies (适应策略) that will help them come through the difficult period safely,” says Emerita, biologist
1. What are the possible results of higher temperatures and reduced snowfall in the Greater Yellowstone Area?| A．Wild animals living there will disappear gradually. |
| B．Stream run-off gets the highest level ahead of time. |
| C．Its environment is destroyed badly |
| D．The spring arrives earlier. |
| A．The snow in Greater Yellowstone is decreasing. |
| B．Greater Yellowstone is famous for its valuable forests and wildlife. |
| C．Climate change leads to less rainfall in Greater Yellowstone. |
| D．Climate change in Greater Yellowstone will end by the end of the century. |
| A．Power. | B．Shortage. | C．Quality. | D．Storage. |
| A．Emerita has a positive attitude towards the report. |
| B．Scientists’ predictions on climate change don’t make sense. |
| C．The influence of climate change is growing around the world. |
| D．Bryan Shuman is concerned about Greater Yellowstone. |
【推荐3】The average temperature on Earth is now 1℃ hotter than it was in the late 1800s, and that temperature will keep rising toward the serious 1.5℃ standard over the next five years, according to a new report.
The authors of the new report predict that the average annual temperature on Earth will temporarily hit 1.5℃ of warming at some point in the next five years. “That possibility has doubled since last year. We’re seeing increasing changes in our climate,” says Randall Cerveny, a climate scientist at Arizona State University.
Topping 1.5℃ of warming in a single year wouldn’t break the Paris Agreement. But with every passing year of rising greenhouse gas emissions (排放), it becomes more likely that humans will cause catastrophic warming. The report calculates there’s a 90% chance that one of the next five years will be the warmest year on record. “It is yet another wakeup call that the world needs to speed up commitments to slash greenhouse gas emissions,” WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement.
If the U.S. follows through on new promises to cut down on its greenhouse gas emissions, it would help limit global warming to some extent, although other countries including China would also need to reduce their emissions in the next 10 years.
In April, the U.S. promised to cut the emissions in half by 2030 compared with 2005 levels. Most of those cuts would need to come from electricity generation and transportation. Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry is seeing more pressure to invest in clean energy. On Wednesday, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its carbon emissions more quickly, although the company says it expects to appeal (上诉) the decision. And a small activist hedge fund (对冲基金会) successfully placed at least two new candidates on Exxon Mobil’s board of directors, with the goal of pushing the company to take climate change more seriously.
1. What can we learn from Randall Cerveny?| A．Climate change becomes more serious. |
| B．The prediction about climate is in doubt. |
| C．The experts think little of climate change. |
| D．The average annual temperature doubled last year. |
| A．Reduce. | B．Avoid. | C．Measure. | D．Forbid. |
| A．America fails to cut greenhouse gas emissions. |
| B．China determines to follow America’s example. |
| C．Other countries have helped limit global warming. |
| D．America plays a role in global greenhouse gas emissions. |
| A．It was charged with air pollution. |
| B．It brought pressure to global warming. |
| C．It was asked to quicken the cut of carbon emissions. |
| D．It devoted to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. |
【推荐1】Is dark chocolate healthy? Yes，dark chocolate has compounds (化合物)that offer health benefits and can be enjoyed without guilt，even on a daily basis.But the amount matters，since too many bites can contribute to extra fat，sugar and calories and get rid of its health benefits.
Dark chocolate is rich in cocoa，which contains compounds known as flavanols(黄烷醇)．At high levels，cocoa flavanols have been shown to help lower blood pressure and the risk of diabetes. Dark chocolate has the highest amount of cocoa flavanols：milk chocolate has lens，and white chocolate has none.
But while cocoa flavanols in dark chocolate make it a healthful treat，they give it a biter flavor. Producers may process chocolate to make it more delicious，but doing so can remove some of these beneficial compounds，said Matt Hartings，an American professor. In spite of this，dark chocolate is still a healthier choice than milk chocolate，which tends to have more sugar. Additionally，cocoa powder contains minerals. So you can enjoy a piece of dark chocolate even after a meal. Just keep the following in mind.
First ，buy chocolate that has at least 60% cocoa.“Generally speaking，the higher the percentage，the more flavanols. These higherpercentage chocolates have the added benefit over the lower percentages and milk and white chocolates because they contain less sugar and less fat，” Hartings said.
Second，if possible，choose natural cocoa over Dutch processed cocoa，which is treated with an alkali (碱)．This gives chocolate a milder flavor but removes healthful flavanols.
And finally，to keep weight in check，limit to 30 grams of dark chocolate daily，or about 150 calories，
1. Dark chocolate is healthy mainly because of the existence of ．
| A．rich minerals | B．less sugar |
| C．cocoa flavanols | D．fewer calories |
| A．Something enjoyable. |
| B．A saltfree diet. |
| C．Food paid by others. |
| D．A cure for an illness. |
| A．Cocoa flavanols leads to high blood pressure. |
| B．White chocolate is good for health. |
| C．One can feel free to eat dark chocolate. |
| D．Alkali can affect flavanols' content. |
| A．To show his love for dark chocolate. |
| B．To promote the sales of chocolate. |
| C．To provide facts about dark chocolate. |
| D．To make a distinction among chocolates. |
We often ask these questions: Are African wild dogs really dogs? What’s the difference between African wild dogs and the dogs we know as pets? For one thing, African wild dogs, which live in Africa, only have four toes, while domestic (驯养的) dogs and wolves have five. But you won’t want to count for yourself, because they are truly wild animals.
“Wild dogs are not somebody’s domestic dogs that ran away and didn’t come back, although some people used to think that, ” explains Dr McNutt, who studies these animals at Wild Dog Research Camp in the African country of Botswana. “They are actually Africa’s wolves, and just like wolves, they do not make good pets. They need to be out in the wild doing what they are supposed to do—find the food they need to survive and feed their babies.” In fact, they travel so far that researchers have to use radio collars (颈圈) to keep track of them. The collars send out radio signals that tell people where the dogs are. No two wild dogs have the same pattern of coats, so it is easy to tell them apart.
African wild dogs are smart and sociable, like pet dogs. Adult dogs, male and female, are willing to take good care of young ones.
Millions of domestic dogs live on the planet, but there are probably fewer than 6,000 African wild dogs left. Humans hunt them and farmers who don’t want them to go after cows and sheep poison them. Humans are also destroying the wild, natural habitat (栖息地) they need to survive in. Fortunately, today more farmers are finding other ways to protect their cows and sheep from African wild dogs instead of killing the animals.
1. Which of the following can explain why African wild dogs are different from domestic dogs?| A．African dogs can live longer than domestic dogs. |
| B．African dogs have fewer toes than domestic dogs. |
| C．African dogs are much bigger in size than domestic dogs. |
| D．African dogs are much more dangerous than domestic dogs. |
| A．are a kind of wolves |
| B．can be trained as pet dogs |
| C．actually are missing domestic dogs |
| D．generally are not used to living in groups |
| A．Farmers should use domestic dogs to fight against wild dogs. |
| B．African wild dogs should be protected instead of being killed. |
| C．Farmers should take responsibility for feeding African wild dogs. |
| D．African wild dogs should be used to protect farmers’ cows and sheep. |
| A．How to keep wild dogs |
| B．How to train domestic dogs |
| C．An introduction to African wild dogs |
| D．Differences between domestic dogs and wild dogs |
【推荐3】Memory, they say, is a matter of practice and exercise. If you have the wish and really make a conscious effort, then you can quite easily improve your ability to remember things. But even if you are successful，there are times when your memory seems to play tricks on you.
Sometimes you remember things that really did not happen. One morning last week, for example, I got up and found that I had left the front door unlocked all night, yet I clearly remember locking it carefully the night before.
Memory “tricks" work the other way as well. Once in a while, you remember not doing something, and then find out that you did. One day last month, for example, I was sitting in a barber shop waiting for my turn to get a haircut, and suddenly I realized that I had got a haircut two days before at the barber shop across the street from my office.
We always seem to find something funny and amusing in incidents caused by people’s forgetfulness or absent -mindedness. Stories about absent -minded professors have been told for years, and we never get tired of hearing new ones. Unfortunately, however ，absent -mindedness is not always funny. There are times when “tricks" of our memory can cause us great trouble.
1. If you want to have a good memory, you should ________.| A．never stop learning new things | B．use your memory to play tricks |
| C．make a conscious effort of practice | D．force yourself to remember things |
| A．One night the writer locked the front door as usual. |
| B．The writer had had his hair cut two days before. |
| C．The writer got into trouble when crossing the street. |
| D．The writer was regarded as a forgetful professor. |
| A．We enjoy hearing new stories about absent -mindedness of professors. |
| B．We will never get tired of listening to new stories about absent-mindedness. |
| C．Absent- mindedness happens not only to professors but to many other people. |
| D．We are unwilling to know anything more about absent-mindedness of professors. |
【推荐1】The event happened to Hunter as if it were yesterday when he was working in a fancy French restaurant in Denver. The ice cream he was serving fell onto the white dress of a rich and important woman.
Thirty years have passed, but Hunter can't get the memory out of his mind, nor the woman’s kind reaction. She was shocked, regained calmness and, in a kind voice, told the young Hunter, “It’s OK. It wasn't your fault.” When she left the restaurant, she also left the future Fortune 500 CEO with a life lesson. You can tell a lot about a person by the way he or she treats the waiter.
Hunter isn't the only CEO to have made this discovery. Rather, it seems to be one of those few laws of the land that every CEO learns on the way up. It's hard to get a dozen CEOS to agree about anything, but most agree with the Waiter Rule. They say how others treat the CEO says nothing. But how others treat the waiter is like a window into the soul.
Watch out for anyone who pulls out the power card to say something like, “I could buy this place and fire you,” or “I know the owner and I could have you fired.” Those who say such things have shown more about their character than about their wealth and power.
The CEO who came up with it, or at least first wrote it down, is Raytheon CEO Bill Swanson. He wrote a best-selling book called Swanson’s Unwritten Rules of Management.
“A person who is nice to you but rude to the waiter, or to others, is not a nice person,” Swanson says. “I will never offer a job to the person who is sweet to the boss but turns rude to someone cleaning the tables.”
1. What happened after Hunter dropped the ice cream onto the woman’s dress?| A．He was fired. | B．He was blamed. |
| C．The woman comforted him. | D．The woman left the restaurant at once. |
| A．his experience as a waiter. | B．the advice given by the CEOS. |
| C．an article in Fortune. | D．an interesting best-selling book. |
| A．Fortune 500 companies. | B．the Management Rules. |
| C．Swanson’s book. | D．the Waiter Rule. |
| A．one should be nicer to important people. |
| B．CEOS often show their power before others. |
| C．one should respect others no matter who they are. |
| D．CEOS often have meals in expensive restaurants. |
【推荐2】Four apps for students to learn English
Quizlet
Quizlet is a learning app — a computer program you use on your mobile device. It can help users build and test their knowledge of English words and terms. Quizlet has word sets for millions of subjects. And, it is quickly becoming a useful mobile tool for language learners.
Socrative
In Socrative, teachers can create timed learning games. In class, students compete individually or as part of a team against classmates. One game students love is called space Race. In this game, if a team answers a question correctly, their rocket moves forward. This team whose rocket gets to the end first wins. Also, teachers can use Socrative as an “exit ticket,” a question they can ask students about what they learned in that day’s class. Students write their answers on their mobile devices. Then, the teacher can show the answers on a shared video screen.
QR Codes
A QR Code is a kind of sign that a smartphone can read with its camera. When your phone camera reads a QR code, it takes you to a website, image, video or anything you want to share. For example, one will take you to the VOA Learning English website.
Evernote
Evernote lets users store and share notes, images and recordings in one place. Teachers can also use Evernote to give homework.
1. Which is the best for students to build up vocabulary?| A．Quizlet. |
| B．QR Codes. |
| C．Evernote. |
| D．Socrative. |
| A．Give homework. |
| B．Carry out a classroom test. |
| C．Look up new words. |
| D．Visit an English-learning website. |
| A．To make an advertisement. |
| B．To encourage using mobile phones. |
| C．To improve English learning. |
| D．To introduce some learning apps. |
【推荐3】Probably no other musical instrument is as popular as the guitar. Musicians use the guitar for almost every kind of music. Country and western music would not be the same without a guitar. The traditional Spanish folk music called Flamenco could not exist without a guitar. The sound of American blues music would not be the same without the sad cry of the guitar. And rock and roll music would almost be impossible Without this instrument.
Some music experts say an instrument very much like a guitar was played in Egypt more than one thousand years ago. Some other experts say that the ancestor of the modern guitar was brought to Spain from Persia sometime in the twelfth century. The guitar continued to develop in Spain. In the 1700s, it became similar to the instrument we know today.
Many famous musicians played the instrument. The famous Italian violinist Niccolo Paganinni played and wrote music for the guitar in the early 1800s. Franz Schubert used the guitar to write some of his famous works. One kind of music for the guitar developed in the southern area of Spain called Adalusia. It will always be strongly linked with the Spanish guitar. It is called Flamenco.
In the 1930s, Les Paul began experimenting with ways to make an electric guitar. He invented the solid body electric guitar in 1946. The guitar has always been important to blues music. With the electric guitar, Les Paul helped make modern blues music possible. There have been many great blues guitarists. Yet, music experts say all blues guitar players are measured against one man and his famous guitar. That man is B. B. King. Every blues fan knows that years ago B. B. King named his guitar Lucille. Here B. B. King plays Lucille on his famous recording of “The Thrill Is Gone”. Lucille, B. B. King's large, beautiful black guitar, is important to American music. Visitors can see King's very first guitar at the Rock and Soul Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. The museum is the only permanent exhibit organized by the Smithsonian Institution outside Washington, D. C., and New York City.
1. Where did the modern guitar finally come into being?| A．Egypt. | B．Spain. |
| C．Persia. | D．Italy. |
| A．It is the name of a famous musician. | B．It is related to Spanish guitar. |
| C．It is also called Adalusia. | D．It is the name of a guitar. |
| A．The electric guitar promoted the development of the blues. |
| B．The musician B. B. King named his guitar Lucille. |
| C．The Rock and Soul Museum first opened in Memphis. |
| D．The exhibit was first organized by the Smithsonian Institution. |
| A．Traditional Folk Music | B．Flamenco and Guitar |
| C．Violinist and Blues | D．Guitar and Music |
