【推荐1】Have you ever wondered why other people don’t see things the same way you do? Isn’t it confusing that you don’t necessarily share the same viewpoints even when you come from the same family? Why can’t they just see it my way? The scientific explanation comes from cognitive (认知的) psychology; it’s a mental process known as information processing.

From a psychological perspective, you have your own internal set of core values, memories, and quality of emotion. With every external event you experience, the information comes in and is filtered (过滤) through your emotions, memories, and values. How you “see” yourself, others, and the world you live in will be flavored by what you’ve experienced or believe to be true. In other words, you don’t see things as they are — you see things as you are.

You have a process for filtering information and it may strike you as being odd, to say the least, when others don’t subscribe to the same beliefs, thoughts, and opinions. What if you considered, even for just a moment, that what you are perceiving is only one possibility — and that there are several other ways to interpret a situation?

In every walk of life, you find yourself defending your beliefs, arguing for how you remember something that happened, and positioning yourself to influence others to see things your way. But what if you’re missing the important point that your differences are what make life colorful? Those differences are what stimulate your mind and emotions. Without differences, life would be dull. There would be no “aha” moment if you knew everything. There would be no inspiration in the form of art, music, poetry, style, or communication.

There will be times in your life when boundaries may need to be enforced with others and, at the end of the day, you want to feel understood and appreciated. Learning to honor your viewpoints, while others have their own is vital for coexisting in a world where every individual is perfectly unique.

1. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text to play role in information processing?

A．Experiences.

B．Personalities.

C．Memory.

D．Emotions.

2. How does the author suggest you handle the situation, when divided opinions arise?

A．Insist on your own beliefs and values.	B．Ignore what things actually are.
C．Listen to and follow others’ completely.	D．Respect both your and others’ opinions.

3. What is the author’s attitude towards individual differences?

A．Positive.

B．Negative.

C．Confused.

D．Surprised.

4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A．Why Nobody Understands You?

B．How Come You Are So Uniate?

C．Who is Responsible for Disagreement?

D．What Makes You Think You’re Right?

【推荐3】Dansh Boyd, who holds positions at Microsoft Research, New York University, and Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has a pointed message for parents: Most everything we think we know about the way our kids are using the Internet is wrong. Boyd's new book, it's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens, makes the case that the Internet isn't nearly as scary or damaging to young people as many moms and dads believe. As the mother of a 16-yaer-old, I found most of it fascinating. Here are two of my biggest takeaways:

Technology is not turning our teens into social misfits.

Although the image persists that young people would rather test than talk, and prefer connecting of Facebook than hanging out in person, Boyd says this isn't true. "Most of the teens that I met ... were desperate for the opportunity to leave their homes to gather with friends," she writes.

The trouble is that in many communities, young people have less freedom than they once did because they are so over scheduled and because parents are worried about their safety. "The era of being able to run around after school as long as you are home before dark is long over." Boyd notes.

To make up for this lost freedom, teens have turned to their computers. "The success of social media must be understood partly in relation to this shrinking social landscape." Boyd explains. Facebook, Twitter. Instagram, Snapchat, and other sites "are not only new public spaces: they are in many cases the only 'public' spaces in which teens can easily communicate with large groups of their peers."

Adolescents aren't as Internet savvy as we like to think.

Although teens have been called "digital natives" for having grown up practically glued to their computers and smart-phones, they still remain simple in many ways about what they find online. After all, they're just kids.

"Many of today's teens are indeed deeply engaged with social media ... but this does not mean that they have the knowledge or skills to make the most of their online experiences," Boyd writes. "The so-called 'digital natives,' far from being useful, is often a distraction to understanding the challenges that youth face in the networked world."

One area in which young people need help is in learning to distinguish between valid and misleading sources of information. "Teens may make their own media or share content online," Boyd observes, "but this does not mean that they inherently have the knowledge or perspective to critically examine what they consume."

Yet many teachers, librarians, and, yes, parents do. "Even those who are afraid of technology," Boyd says, "can offer valuable critical perspective."

As a mom or dad, the most important thing for your kid to plug into is your hard-earned wisdom.

1. Danah Boyd's new book mainly talks about ________.

A．the correct and wise use of the Internet for young people

B．teens' real social lives online and advice for parents

C．measures parents can take to deal with the damaging Internet

D．fascinating takeaways for a mother of a 16-year-old

2. According to Boyd, why are teens nowadays easily considered social misfits?

A．Because they seem to prefer to communicate through social networks.

B．Because they are too over scheduled to hang out with friends in person.

C．Because parents require them to stay at home more for safety reasons.

D．Because social networks offer them convenience of communication

3. An "Internet savvy" person is one who ________.

A．tends to be cheated over the Internet all the time

B．is completely absorbed in social networks all the time

C．knows how to fully and wisely use the Internet

D．has the ability to distinguish right from wrong

4. Boyd may suggest that parents should ________.

A．provide kids with more chances to leave homes and gather with friends

B．build more public places for kids to communicate with their peers

C．provide kids with knowledge and skills to help them to digital natives

D．filter out the misleading sources of information online for their kids

【推荐1】Education is not a bystanders sport. Numerous researchers have shown that when students participate in classroom discussion they hold more positive attitudes toward school, and that positive attitudes promote learning. It is no coincidence that girls are more passive in the classroom discussion and score lower than boys on SATs.

We found that at all grade levels in all communities and in all subject areas boys controlled classroom communication. They participated in more interactions than girls did, and their participation became greater as the year went on.

Our research contradicted the traditional assumption that girls control classroom communication in reading while boys in math. We found that whether the subject was language arts and English or math and science, boys got more than their fair share of teacher attention. That teachers talk more to male students is simply because boys are more aggressive in grabbing their attention by calling out answers to the teachers’ questions first. While girls sit patiently with their hands raised or keep silent. Psychologist Lisa Serbin and K.Daniel O’Leary, then at the state university of New York at stony brook studied classroom interaction at preschool level and found that teachers gave boys more attention, praised them more often and were at least twice as likely to have extended conversations with them.

Years of experience have shown that the best way to learn something is to do it yourself. It is also important to give students specific and direct feedback about the quality of their work and answers. Teachers behave differently depending on whether boys or girls are active to provide answers during discussions. During classroom discussion, teachers in our study reacted to boys answers with powerful, precise and effective responses, while they often gave girls mild and unclear reactions because of their silence. Too often, girls remain in the dark about the quality of their answers. Active students receiving precise feedback are more likely to achieve academically. And they are more likely to be boys.

This kind of communication game is played at work, as well as at school. As reported in numerous studies, it goes like this.

※Men speak more often and frequently interrupt women.

※ Listeners recall more from male speakers than from female speakers, even when both use a similar speaking style and cover the same content.
※Women participate less actively in conversation. They do more smiling and gazing, and they are more often the passive by standers in professional and social conversations among peers.
※Women often their own statements into unsure comments. This is accomplished by using qualifiers and by adding tag question. These uncertain patterns weaken impact and signal a lack of power and influence.

Only when girls are active and treated equally in the classroom will they be more likely to achieve equality in the workplace.

1. What does the authors mean when they say“Education is not a bystanders sport.”?

A．Both boys and girls should do more sports.

B．The girl students should be the audience to watch the boy students’ discussions.

C．The boy students should not be too active in the classroom discussions.

D．Both boy and girl students should take an active part in the classroom discussions.

2. Which of the following is Not true?

A．Girls’ scores are lower than boys on SATs.

B．Girls control classroom discussion in reading while boys in maths.

C．Boys control classroom discussion in both reading and maths.

D．Boys are more confident in calling out answers to catching the teachers’ attention.

3. The factors that contribute to the students’ effective learning are the following except__________

A．The students can take an active part in the classroom discussion.

B．The students do it themselves.

C．Teachers can give students specific and direct feedback the quality of their work and answers.

D．Students transform their own statements into uncertain comments.

【推荐2】Once a child reaches their teenage years, many parents may think it is too late to help them change a negative attitude. This is not the case, and while it may take longer, it is possible to help your child develop a positive attitude. Having a positive attitude is important to a teenager’s happiness and success.     1    

Judge your own attitude.     2     Teens watch their parents and how they react to certain experiences and events. Children learn a good part of their belief system from their parents. Therefore, a parent’s attitude and a loving home environment are important to help develop positive attitudes in teens.

    3     This is the little voice in our heads which we use to communicate with ourselves. Positive self-talk will have a direct influence on how positive a person's attitude and actions are. Tell your teen instead of using negative statements, replace them with positive ones. For example, “I can do this right. I just need to concentrate” is much better than “I failed again. I never do anything right.” If you promote positive self-talk you should notice a clear change in the teenager’s attitude.

Teach your teen to aim high, while showing her how to acknowledge her limitations.

    4     If your teen wants to achieve the impossible, this will only make her feel negative when she fails to do it. Unrealistic expectations are one of the biggest causes of negative attitudes in children, says the Kids Health website.

Try to praise your teenager when he deserves it. Show him you value him and recognize when he makes positive choices.     5     Be sure to give credit when credit is due. Your teen’s attitude will be much more positive if you also show him respect as well as command it from him.

A．Teach them how to self-talk.

B．A child’s attitude is a learned behavior.

C．Avoid unkind blames to affect your teen’s attitude.

D．A negative attitude can result in them feeling upset.

E．There is no problem having reasonable dreams.

F．Most teenagers will appreciate their parent’s praise.

G．Encourage him to take up new hobbies or interests.

【推荐3】Adults are often unwilling to ask for aid. The moment you ask for directions, after all, you reveal that you are lost. Seeking assistance can feel like you are broadcasting your incompetence. New research suggests young children don’t seek help in school for the same reason. They hate hearing irresponsible comments.

The research has revealed that youngsters as young as age five start to care about the way others think about them. It also suggests that as early as age seven, children begin to connect asking for help with looking incompetent in front of others.

To learn more about how children think about reputation, researchers crafted simple stories and then asked children questions to allow them to show their thinking. They asked 576 children aged four to nine to predict the behavior of two kids in a story. One of the kids genuinely wanted to be smart, and the other merely wanted to seem smart to others. Both kids did poorly on a test. Children were asked which of these kids would be more likely to ask the teacher for help in front of their class.

The four-year-olds were equally likely to choose either of the two kids as the one who would seek help. But by age seven or eight, children thought that the kid who wanted to seem smart would be less likely to ask for assistance. When assistance could be sought privately, they thought both characters were equally likely to ask for it.

The research shows that children may avoid seeking help when others are present. However, when they are concerned with their appearance to others, learning will suffer.

Such barriers likely require reputation-based solutions. Teachers could make themselves available to students for one-on-one conversations while their classmates tackle group work. They should also help students perceive asking questions as normal, positive behavior. Parents could point out how a child’s question kicked off a valuable conversation in which the entire family got to talk and learn together. Such response sends a strong signal that other people value a willingness to ask for aid and that seeking help is part of a path to success.

1. Why do children resist asking for help in school?

A．They try to avoid judgement.	B．They want to be independent.
C．They want to hide their competence.	D．They feel embarrassed to do so.

2. How did the researchers get their result?

A．By dividing kids into different groups.

B．By doing comparative analysis.

C．By gathering experimental data.

D．By referring to previous researches.

3. What does the research show about children?

A．They care much about their appearance.

B．They prefer helping others to being helped.

C．They tend to ask for assistance in private.

D．They are more willing to seek help in public.

4. Which of the following solutions will the author agree with?

A．Parents encourage the family to learn together.

B．Parents value children’s efforts to get help.

C．Teachers build a class of positive behavior.

D．Teachers promote more group work among students.