Where did the word “hello” come from? There are all kinds of ideas.

Some say it came from a French word “ho”. This greeting may have arrived at England during the Norman

A

B

Another story of this word says it came from the word “hallo”. People often used “hallo” in England in 1300s.

C

D

A Brooklyn college professor reported what he had found the true story behind the word “hello”. He said the

E

F       G

H

I

J

When we sleep, do our brains stop working? It     31    . During some stages, the brain slows down. During other stages, our brains are just     32     busy as when we are awake. The busiest time for the brain is a stage called REM sleep.

REM     33     Rapid Eye Movement. It is called REM because the sleeper’s closed eyes move     34     from side to side at this stage. REM sleep is very important and necessary for memory and the     35     of the brain. According to psychologists, dreams     36     during REM sleep. Dreams give the brain a chance to let go of   hidden emotions, like jealousy. People are usually too ashamed     37     these feelings when they are awake. Dreams allow them to let out these feelings. This gives them peace of mind.

REM is also a stage     38     information is transferred into long-term memory. For this reason, if we     39     get enough REM sleep, our brains cannot hold information in our memories for a long time.

People don’t enter the REM stage directly after going to bed. It usually takes an hour and a half to get to that stage. REM sleep often occurs five times during a normal eight-hour sleep. It takes up about 20 percent of the     40     sleep time.

Today almost everyone knows how to ride a bicycle. H    41    , 250 years ago, there were no bicycles at all.

The first bicycles did not look like the bicycles we see nowadays. They were usually very tall. People also had t    42     stopping. It was easy to fall over. You had to be very brave to ride one of the first bicycles. Later, bicycles became safer. Special tools made it easier for people to ride them. Bicycle riders could stop more e    43    . Bicycles were also closer to the ground. As a     44    , there were fewer accidents than before.

There are b    45     of bicycles in the world today. People are lucky that bicycles are now very safe to ride! Students ride them to school, and parents ride them to work. Some people also ride bicycles for fun. For example, there are biking clubs in many countries. Other people ride bicycles as part of their job. Biking is even a sport. It can be very exciting to watch biking races.

For My Dog, Sammy

By Derek Kneupper

If you were still here, I would not miss you. I often see you in my sleep, as if you never left. ________, there would be more joy in life. I wish you were still alive. There will never be another dog like you. You made me cry when you died. I miss your soft fur, I miss the days when I was lonely and you were always there. I miss the times when I was sad and I could hug you. I miss saying your name. If you were still here, I would never be sad again.

I go to college in Boston, but my parents now live in Florida. During the summer holiday, I went to visit them. I set out from down-town Boston by bus on Tuesday afternoon. On Wednesday night, I got off the bus in Honda.

A. At first, there were no customers. But when noon came, the restaurant got crowded. I waited on customers and helped clean the tables. On the whole, it was pretty easy work.

B. “Yes, sir. I’m from Boston,” I said. “I guess you could tell right away I was from the north, because of the way I speak.” “Oh, yes,” the old woman said with a smile an her face.

C. After I was in Florida for a few days, I was well rested. However, I soon got bored. My friends were all in Boston. So I decided to get a job. I came across an advertisement for a job at a local restaurant. I filled out an application（申请）and got hired right away.

D. As the lunch crowd started to leave, I stopped at a table where an old man and an old woman were sitting. As I was picking up their empty plates, the old man asked me, “Are you from the north?”

E. On the day of work, I got up early and got ready. I didn’t have to dress up for work, but I did have to wear a uniform. The staff was composed（组成）of high college students.

From 1700 until 1100 BC, the area of China around the Yellow River was ruled by a family of kings called the Shang. They were rich and very powerful. The king and his family lived in large palaces, decorated with beautiful objects. They had many servants who made them food and did all the work in the palaces, so they had an easy life.

The richest people at that time were warriors（武士）. They lived in cities with very high walls. Their houses were large and made of wood or brick. They wore beautiful gowns（长袍）made of silk. They didn’t work, and spent their time hunting and horse riding.

Other people lived outside the walls, in houses made of mud. They were businessmen and craftsmen, so they worked for their living. They were not poor, but they were not protected during wars.

Most of the people during that time were farmers. They lived in villages in the countryside. Their houses were small and made of mud or bamboo. Inside, there wasn’t any furniture, and they slept on the mud floor. They worked in fields with tools made of stone, grew grain such as rice, and kept animals. They were very poor. They had to obey the kings and warriors. They didn’t have a very easy life. The best place for farming at that time was by the Yellow River. Here the warm, wet conditions were perfect for growing rice.

During the time of the Shang, there were some important developments. Bronze（青铜）is one of them. People used it to make pots, cups, jewellery, weapons and so on. But the most important development during the time of the Shang was writing. Once people can write, they can pass on information about themselves, their lives and what they believe. Although the Chinese started writing at this time, they didn't have paper yet, so people wrote on animal bones, stones, bamboo, and even on turtle shells!

So, life for people in ancient China was quite different from our lives today.

George and Ellen owned a cafe. They kept it clean and served good inexpensive food. George and Ellen were very friendly with people who came to eat at their cafe because they liked being friendly and helpful.

One day an old man and his wife came into the cafe. The old man ordered a hamburger and some French fries. His wife didn't order anything. George made the food and served it to the man.

The old man and his wife sat at a table and the man cut the hamburger in half. Then he divided the French fries into two equal parts. He put one half of the hamburger and half of the French fries in front of his wife. Then he began to eat his half of the hamburger and French fries. His wife sat and watched him.

Ellen watched the old couple. She thought that perhaps they couldn’t afford another hamburger. She felt sorry for them, so she went to their table and offered them another hamburger free of charge.

The old man was too busy eating to reply, but the woman said, “Oh, no! Don’t worry about us. We like to share. We share everything.”

The old man nodded, and said “everything” before he put more French fries into his mouth.

Ellen smiled at them and went back to the counter. She took some orders from other customers and then watched the old couple again. She noticed that the woman was still not eating. Her half of the hamburger and French fries were still on the plate on the table in front of her. She thought that perhaps she intended（打算）to give her share to her husband if he was still hungry after eating his share. Ellen frowned（皱眉）. She went back to their table.

The old woman saw her and started to tell her not to worry because they liked to share.

“I know,” said Ellen. “You’ve already told me that. I was just wondering why you are not eating your half.”

“Oh,” said the woman. “I’m just waiting for my turn to use the false teeth.”

Questions 1—5: Please complete the summary of the passage above with no more than three words for each blank.（请完成上文的摘要，每空不超过三个单词。）

Price tags ending in 90 won (韩元) or 900 won are seen everywhere in shops in Korea. Studies have shown that products with prices that end with 90 won or 900 won sell 8% more than those that end with a round number (约整数). Ever wonder why?

According to the research, people tend to round (倾向将……约为) the number 9,900 down to 9,000. They don’t round 9,900 up to 10,000. In other words, people feel that 9,900 is closer to 9,000, not to 10,000. Researchers call this the left-digit effect (左位数效应). They say that since humans like to read from left to right, the mind seems to focus on the first number: 9. For example, when a price changes from 30,000 won to 29,900 won, the effect is much greater than we think. The actual difference is only 100 won, but it creates the wrong impression that the difference is 10,000 won.