1 . Alan Mathison Turing was born in England in 1912. Like many talents who go on to great things, Turing showed his incredible intelligence from a very young age. In fact, by the time he was halfway through primary school, Turing’s teachers had already realized he was a mathematical genius. He could do complex calculating in his head even though he had never been taught about it.
Fortunately, Turing was the opposite of Hawking, and he absolutely loved school. Proof of this is the extreme lengths he would go just to get to class. For example, on one occasion when there was a train strike, Turing even cycled 60 miles to attend. Now that’s devotion!
However, in spite of Turing’s scholarly attitude and his obvious genius, his teachers had their concerns about his future. This is because well-known schools in Britain like the ones Turing attended regarded the Classics, such as Latin and Greek as the most important, not subjects like maths and science. Turing’s proud teachers even wrote letters to his parents asking them to convince the young man to focus more on the Classics. Imagine how different the world might be if the young Turing had listened to his teachers! Thankfully, his love for all things scientific and mathematical meant there was no chance of that.
After finishing secondary school, Turing completed a degree in mathematics at King’s College Cambridge, and then obtained his PhD from Princeton University in the USA. It was during these university years that he invented the Turing Machine, which is considered by many people to be the earliest version of a computer processing unit. It sounds unbelievable that anybody could have invented something which was similar to a computer in 1936. But that just shows how far ahead of his time Alan Turing was, even when he was still a young man.
1. What can be inferred about Turing according to paragraphs 1-2?A.He maintained interest in the Classics. |
B.He rejected attending famous schools. |
C.He showed a strong desire for schooling. |
D.He ignored parents’ advice on course selection. |
A.He argues it’s still limited in many functions. |
B.He thinks it’s influential in computer history. |
C.He doubts if it is truly invented by a young man. |
D.He considers the construction of such machines impossible. |
A.To indicate the link between genius and success. |
B.To illustrate the invention of the Turing Machine. |
C.To stress the impact of teachers’ guidance on Turing’s life. |
D.To introduce Turing’s genius, scholarly attitude and achievement. |
A.Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. |
B.Ordinary people hope, while talented people create. |
C.Contented with little, yet wishing for more. |
D.Chances favor the minds that are prepared. |
2 . It is nearly dawn, and the yellow moon has just set behind coconut trees. Spots of pink appear in the sky and a glorious red ball of fire slowly rises. Birds have begun to gather in their hundreds in the Changaram wetland in Kerala’s Alappuzha district. George, with binoculars glued to his eyes, is busy recognizing the birds: “Little egrets, garganeys…” He pauses. “But what are those three there? Ah, spot-billed ducks,” he says when he spots the typical band of brilliant jade-green on the wings.
His binoculars are off his eyes now, but his fingers are flying over his phone screen, typing the names of the species he has sighted on eBird, an app where birdwatchers upload real-time information on species. As a citizen scientist, he has been one Bird for three years and takes pride in being the country’s “eighth best eBirder” based on the number of his check-lists.
eBird is just now drawing in ordinary people into the process of ecological (生态学的) science and conservation. Citizen scientists can ask questions, volunteer to collect data, and analyse them. For researchers, citizen scientists are a boon: with their large numbers, they can contribute extensive data over vast geographical areas, something trained scientists could not dream of gathering either individually or in teams.
While it may appear to be a new concept, the public has always participated in ecological science, said a team of American scientists in a 2012 study. Chinese citizens and officials, for instance, tracked locust (蝗虫) a tacks for at least 3,500 years although they did not know their observations would later be used for science.
Today, thanks to smartphones, the Internet and the endless possibilities of apps, citizen science has truly come of age around the world, helping create a vast and valuable collection of data.
1. Why does George visit the Changaram wetland?A.To enjoy the sunrise. | B.To collect bird data. |
C.To protect the wetland. | D.To observe bird habitats. |
A.It is aimed at training citizens into scientists. |
B.It is placed eighth among the country’s apps. |
C.It selects species information for birdwatchers. |
D.It promotes the development of citizen science. |
A.target | B.challenge | C.benefit | D.threat |
A.locust research started 3500 years ago in China |
B.the public seldom played a role in scientific research |
C.ordinary citizens have long been in ecological science |
D.the records of locust attacks failed to be used for science |
3 . Looking for a good job is a fierce competition for graduates, so we must be careful to make our personal choices. Our family and friends may say it doesn’t matter whatever we are wearing, but the workplace may not.
Some companies forbid visible tattoos (纹身), nose rings, or certain odd dress styles. A high school newspaper editor says it is unfair to judge a person by his appearance. However, as for me, I think we have to admit what we wear does convey certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of our identity and our thoughts. So it makes sense that companies dress standards exist in the business world, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.
Others may argue what we dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for companies it is more about whether they can make money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees because those people represent the companies to their customers.
I am paid to be a hiring manager and to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are so many qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to refuse someone who might disappoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I can’t expect all our customers are.
You should be responsible for yourself, if the company says your dress does not match the standards. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are legal.
1. Which of the following will the newspaper editor agree with according to Paragraph 2?A.The candidate should also be treated equally even if he wears tattoos or nose rings. |
B.What people dress is only a way to carry messages about themselves. |
C.It isn’t encouraged to wear strange dress styles. |
D.Companies dress standards will be influenced by customers’ choices. |
A.Candidates have the freedom to decide what to wear for an interview. |
B.Because customers’ choices matter most, what to wear is not a matter of personal choice. |
C.As a hiring manager, one should make the best impression on their candidates. |
D.Companies sometimes have to change their standards to meet their candidates’ need. |
A.Your Appearances Matter | B.Personal Choices Matter |
C.Employers Matter | D.Hiring Managers Matter |
A.Disagreeable. | B.Unconcerned. | C.Favorable. | D.Objective. |
4 . Compean was no stranger to Los Angeles National Forest. He’d hiked the park several times. But after hiking along a
As dusk
Compean climbed to a higher
Sixty miles away in Ventura County, Ben Kuo was reading a tweet
“There’s an amazing amount of information you can get from satellites, ”says Kuo. The first thing he
Thanks to Kuo’s
A.new | B.familiar | C.old | D.primitive |
A.burst | B.came | C.fell | D.sank |
A.turned out | B.turned to | C.turned up | D.turned down |
A.maintaining | B.remaining | C.presenting | D.restoring |
A.spot | B.basin | C.peak | D.top |
A.power | B.signal | C.battery | D.sign |
A.exhibited | B.conveyed | C.exposed | D.attached |
A.slowly | B.steadily | C.frequently | D.quickly |
A.about | B.in | C.from | D.of |
A.looking for | B.deciding on | C.pointing out | D.counting on |
A.predict | B.release | C.comprehend | D.identify |
A.trees | B.flowers | C.grass | D.woods |
A.precise | B.accurate | C.surrounding | D.subsequent |
A.noticed | B.thought | C.mentioned | D.watched |
A.while | B.so | C.instead | D.because |
A.continued | B.accelerated | C.deepened | D.proved |
A.original | B.clear | C.perfect | D.complete |
A.entered | B.matched | C.finished | D.differed |
A.specific | B.rough | C.special | D.sustainable |
A.thank | B.envy | C.owe | D.contribute |
5 . At our residence, we made sure a small lawn (草坪) space remained green by watering regularly. I live in an area
Every morning I am awakened by the shrill
It’s easy to attract birds to your
A.destroyed | B.threatened | C.controlled | D.surrounded |
A.growing | B.moving | C.sticking | D.changing |
A.called in | B.brought in | C.resulted in | D.joined in |
A.strange | B.quiet | C.creative | D.unusual |
A.bravely | B.silently | C.immediately | D.frequently |
A.cages | B.plants | C.cities | D.forests |
A.far | B.hardly | C.little | D.less |
A.dialogues | B.claims | C.whispers | D.songs |
A.because | B.when | C.until | D.since |
A.shelter | B.view | C.shade | D.position |
A.after | B.from | C.to | D.with |
A.jump | B.smell | C.eat | D.rest |
A.annoyance | B.fright | C.pleasure | D.surprise |
A.go about | B.worry about | C.account for | D.answer for |
A.business | B.garden | C.home | D.space |
A.greet | B.name | C.buy | D.spot |
A.admire | B.explore | C.paint | D.display |
A.challenge | B.idea | C.treat | D.deal |
A.examine | B.steal | C.donate | D.prepare |
A.Happy | B.Silly | C.Sad | D.Rude |
6 . Harry Smith, aged 81, and Sarah Jane, his dog, were on their morning walk around the lake. Suddenly, he lost
His electric wheelchair lost balance in the area covered with tree leaves, which caused him to
Knowing her owner was
The two bystanders and Officer Doty
“The saying remains
A.control | B.sight | C.track | D.sense |
A.escaping | B.drowning | C.diving | D.trembling |
A.break | B.slow | C.flow | D.slide |
A.help | B.supplies | C.courage | D.peace |
A.pretended | B.determined | C.managed | D.struggled |
A.under attack | B.in action | C.in trouble | D.under pressure |
A.amazed | B.frightened | C.amused | D.alarmed |
A.flagged down | B.turned down | C.calmed down | D.ran down |
A.holding | B.making | C.coming | D.jumping |
A.stood | B.worked | C.walked | D.mixed |
A.Absolutely | B.Fortunately | C.Breathlessly | D.Hopefully |
A.repaired | B.stored | C.folded | D.damaged |
A.responders | B.employers | C.hikers | D.neighbours |
A.mysterious | B.interesting | C.true | D.alone |
A.hand | B.name | C.treat | D.choice |
7 . As a medical student, I was absorbed in studying and hardly spoke with real patients in a hospital. Then I started visiting local hospitals to gather
One cold evening, I was “hunting” for the final three patients I needed to
Ms. A then talked about herself. She told me that her husband died and her pay as a cleaner was
Ms. A taught me one of the most important
A.material | B.record | C.news | D.evidence |
A.start | B.stop | C.complete | D.continue |
A.differing | B.resulting | C.recovering | D.hearing |
A.intention | B.protection | C.instruction | D.function |
A.bow | B.rise | C.escape | D.stay |
A.normal | B.common | C.ordinary | D.usual |
A.although | B.when | C.until | D.after |
A.awfully | B.narrowly | C.absolutely | D.extremely |
A.attempted | B.managed | C.failed | D.expected |
A.faint | B.dull | C.high | D.blank |
A.happily | B.proudly | C.quietly | D.nervously |
A.crashed | B.changed | C.guided | D.struck |
A.reply | B.value | C.skill | D.point |
A.permission | B.admiration | C.amazement | D.agreement |
A.sorry | B.thankful | C.glad | D.angry |
A.focused | B.relieved | C.excited | D.confused |
A.belief | B.luck | C.promise | D.duty |
A.gifts | B.classes | C.lessons | D.means |
A.inspiration | B.patience | C.determination | D.convenience |
A.spare | B.waste | C.kill | D.save |
8 . We often hear honesty is the best policy, and no one likes to be called a liar.But is dishonesty always wrong? Not necessarily.
According to psychologists,there are two types of lies: lies that help your relationships and the people around you are called prosocial lies; and lies that hurt them are called antisocial lies.
How often have you clicked “Like” on Wechat Moment, not because you actually like what your friends posted, but because you want to show your support? This white lie is an example of a prosocial lie. But when people tell lies on social networks to make their own lives seem more exciting,or to make others jealous, this is antisocial lying.
Workplace lies range from harmless lies to destructive untruthful statements. An example of a prosocial workplace lie is complimenting someone on their presentation — even though it was only average — because you know they were nervous beforehand. In this case your intention is simply to protect your colleague’s feelings. However, people sometimes tell bigger lies at work for the purpose of avoiding blame or to stay on the boss’s good side. These are antisocial lies. They are antisocial because your boss is likely to discover the truth and as a result, will probably stop trusting you.
Lying is also a significant part of the natural world. So it’s little wonder we resort to it almost reflexively. Human babies sometimes pretend to cry, check to see if anyone is listening, and then start crying again. By the age of five, children learn to say things that are completely untrue, and most nine-yearolds have mastered keeping secrets to protect themselves.
Lying can be incredibly harmful to our relationships and to the people around us. But that’s only true for antisocial lies. Prosocial lies have the opposite effect — they can actually help us.
1. What may help us tell a prosocial lie from an antisocial lie?A.The purpose it serves. | B.The way it is told. |
C.The occasion where it is told. | D.The people it is told to. |
A.We usually tell prosocial lies to protect our own feelings. |
B.Lying always hurts both the liar and the person being lied to. |
C.Lying on social media is prosocial, but facetoface lying isn’t. |
D.Sometimes, making people feel good benefits more than telling the absolute truth. |
A.Lies That Harm Us | B.Lying is A Second Nature |
C.Lies That We Need to Tell | D.Honesty is the Best Policy |
9 . The story of The emperor’s new clothes is one of Andersen’s best-known works. Cheaters fool the emperor into believing they have made him a fantastic suit. Courtiers (侍臣) dare not say that the emperor is naked; it takes a child to point out the obvious. How many companies have ploughed ahead with expensive projects that were favoured by the CEO, even when other managers have had doubts? The moral is that people are often too restricted by social practice to state their views.
In his new book Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking, Matthew Syed argues that the key to dealing with this problem is “cognitive (认知) diversity”, in other words, assembling a team of people with different perspectives and intellectual backgrounds. It is not just about selecting people for teams from both sexes and various races. Hire only Cambridge politics graduates or Stanford software engineers and they will have studied under the same professors and absorbed similar world views regardless of their gender or skin colour.
There is another element to selecting a good team: ensuring that those viewpoints are heard and respected. A study of over 300 projects by the Rotterdam School of Management found that those led by junior managers were more likely to succeed than those led by senior managers—maybe because other team members were less scared about pointing out potential dangers to someone of lower rank.
The ability to speak up within an organization, without fear of punishment, is known as “psychological safety”. Mr. Syed cites a study of teams at Google, which found that self-reported psychological safety was by far the most important factor behind successful teamwork at the technology giant.
One way to overcome shyness while brainstorming, for instance, is for everyone to write down their ideas but ensure their names are never known. That way, opinions about thoughts are less closely tied to the status of the thinker and can be tested against each other with less fear or favour.
1. Why is The story of the emperor’s new clothes mentioned?A.To confirm its popularity. | B.To argue for children’s wisdom. |
C.To make fun of the adults. | D.To indicate the importance of speaking up. |
A.People with the same cognitive origin. |
B.People with more races and gender. |
C.People with various academic backgrounds. |
D.People following their leaders unconditionally. |
A.It encourages members to compete. | B.It creates a relaxing atmosphere. |
C.It allows members to voice opinions. | D.It thinks little of social ranks. |
A.It is a term invented by Mr. Syed. | B.It contributes to diversity thinking. |
C.It is a secret weapon of the Google. | D.It is a project done at the Rotterdam. |
Emerging evidence in humans suggests a
After offering volunteers a week-long binge (大吃大喝) of waffles, milkshakes and similarly rich foods, researchers in Australia found young and healthy ones scored worse on memory tests and experienced a
The findings suggest something is special in the hippocampus (海马体)-a region of the brain
In 2017, after a week of Western-style breakfasts of
Now, in this latest study the scientists of the team