1 . Plato believed that men are divided into three classes: gold, silver and bronze. Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist, argued that “ the vital few” contributed to most progress. Such viewpoints are taboo (禁忌) today in public life. Politicians avoid talking of a “leadership class” or “the vital few”. School recruitment turns away from picking winners. Universities welcome the masses: more people now teach at British universities than attended them in the1950s.

In the private sector things could hardly be more different. The world’s best companies struggle tirelessly to find and keep the vital few. They offer them fat pay packets, extra training, powerful instruction and more challenging assignments. Private-equity (私人股权) firms rely heavily on a few stars. Firms in emerging markets are desperate to find high-flyers who can cope with rapid growth and fast-changing environments.

Few people know more about how companies manage talent than Bill Conaty and RamCharan. Mr. Conaty led the human-resources department at General Electric (GE) for 14years. Mr. Charan has spent the past few decades presenting proposals to some celebrated entrepreneurs (企业家). Their recent book, The Talent Masters, provides. a nice mix of portraits of well-known talent factories, such as GE and Procter & Gamble (P&G).

Successful companies make sure that senior managers are involved with “ talent development”. Jack Welch and A. G. Lafley, former bosses of GE and P&G, claimed that they spent 40% of their time on personnel. Andy Grove, who ra n Intel, a chipmaker, obliged all the senior people, including himself, to spend at least a week a year instructing high-flyers . Nitin Paranjpe, the boss of Hindustan Unilever, recruits people from campuses and regularly visits high-flyers in their offices.

Elitism (精英主义) has its drawbacks. In their rush to classify people, companies can miss potential stars. Those who are singled out for special treatment can become too full of themselves.

1. The change that occurred in British universities reflects that          .

A．more students enroll for schools

B．people of today are much cleverer

C．UK attaches importance to education

D．elitism in public organizations declines

2. Which people belong to   “high-flyers” based on the passage?

A．Potential clients.	B．Faithful employees.
C．Competent managers.	D．Celebrated politicians.

3. How is paragraph 4 mainly developed?

A．By listing examples.	B．By classification.
C．By analyzing causes.	D． By describing a process.

4. Which statement can be inferred from the passage?

A．Discrimination in workplaces will get more serious.

B．Famous companies’ elitism management is worth trying.

C．The Talent Masters offers advice to some leading bosses.

D．Elitism may get some potential talented people excluded.

2 . In one elementary school, a class of four-and five-year-olds sit in rows, fascinated by their teacher. As part of the daily routine at the state primary school in Acton, West London, Ms Beshirian holds up cards printed with _____ sounds—“qu”, “k”, “w”—and the children chant them back to her in unison. Later they practise reading sentences made up of sounds they have _____ rehearsed. That is a lot of fish, runs an example.

This is phonics, a way of learning to read in which children are taught to decode words. Teachers have long _____ whether this approach is better than the previously favoured one, in which children learned to recognize _____ words, typically while someone read to them. To critics there is something Gradgrindian (功利的) about phonics, which they argue fails to transmit the joy of reading. _____ , over the past decade or so schools in England have adopted the method. When Nick Gibb, a minister, declared the “debate is over” earlier this year, _____ was silenced.

The shift arises from persuasive evidence. In 2005 a study in Scotland found that children who were taught using phonics were, by the end of the programme, seven months ahead of their _____ reading and spelling ability. Other work has supported the results. Rebecca Allen of the University of Oxford notes that few _____ are backed by such strong evidence.

The _____ is becoming apparent. England’s performance improved in the latest Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, a cross-country comparison. Sandra McNally, one of the authors, notes that, whereas the boost faded with time for better-off children, who would have ______ learned to read well anyway, it persisted for poor readers and those without English as a first language. “Other approaches rely on existing child vocabulary and life experiences,” says Lydia Cuddy Gibbs, head of early years at Ark, a charity which runs 38 state schools. “Phonics helps to put children on a(n) ______ playing field.”

Nor must phonics kill ______ . In Acton the children often play teacher, and phonics is their favourite class to re-enact. Some applaud their friends with teacherly ______ , says Sarah Charlton, who works at the school. “They’ll walk in and say, ‘Maria did amazing reading today,’” she laughs.

Arguments continue over the best way to teach phonics, and questions such as when whole words should be introduced. But ______ , phonics seems firmly embedded in English schools. “It’s very rare that you get a piece of education practice that you stick with and push over a number of years,” says Sir Kevan Collins of the Education Endowment Foundation. “That’s to be ______ . That’s unusual.”

1.

A．familiar

B．basic

C．distinctive

D．strange

2.

A．carefully

B．individually

C．previously

D．jointly

3.

A．wondered about

B．researched into

C．argued over

D．focused on

4.

A．whole

B．new

C．long

D．complex

5.

A．Besides

B．Therefore

C．Indeed

D．Nevertheless

6.

A．criticism

B．disagreement

C．complaint

D．protest

7.

A．natural

B．proven

C．expected

D．respective

8.

A．learning strategies

B．testing mechanisms

C．teaching methods

D．reading techniques

9.

A．similarity

B．impact

C．problem

D．reason

10.

A．quickly

B．masterfully

C．easily

D．eventually

11.

A．common

B．large

C．advanced

D．level

12.

A．freedom

B．creativity

C．fun

D．team-spirit

13.

A．performances

B．instructions

C．compliments

D．dictations

14.

A．by contrast

B．after all

C．beyond expectation

D．in general

15.

A．admired

B．reviewed

C．initiated

D．abandoned

3 . What’s your baby doing right now? I hope he or she is not rolling on the floor. Such behaviour might seem natural and age-appropriate but this laid-back environment could come back to haunt you at a later date.

Eventually you may be forced to reflect upon those wasted opportunities. In allowing your baby to unproductively behave just like, well, a baby, you may be failing to foster his or her personal growth. Are you denying your child the chance to achieve his or her full potential as a well-rounded baby?

You see, some parents are hot-housing their infants as we speak. While your baby’s programme revolves around the traditional routines of sleeping, eating and playing, other people’s offspring are on the fast-track to certain giftedness. And Baby Einstein DVDs, which were all the rage when I was a new mother, are really the least of your problems.

Ever eager to exploit our perceived inadequacies, smart marketers have found something else for parents to feel guilty about. There’s a manufactured fear that we’re squandering those valuable moments when a baby’s brain is said to be like a sponge, ready and willing to soak up new information at an alarming rate.

I’ve never seen the point of deliberately setting up your little one to be more advanced than his or her peers. I like the idea of babies just being babies and children just being children. Anyway, if they can read at the age of three then what will they learn in their first year of school?

One thing’s for sure: for some people parenting has taken on the proportions of a competitive sport. Some children wrestle with after-school activities every day of the week. Others are enrolled in extra tuition — sometimes simply to reach an acceptable standard and other times in order to be top of the class. There are tennis camps, swim academies and dancing schools. Some households even speak English downstairs and French upstairs. What? That’s not how you run your home? Oh dear. I see bilingualism passing your child by, for sure.

1. What does the author imply in paragraph 2?

A．The author likes raising baby at home.

B．Many parents don’t realize their babies’ potentials.

C．We don’t have enough time or money to raise babies.

D．Many parents foster their children’s personal growth by any chance.

2. How did the author feel about Baby Einstein DVDs when she was a new mother?

A．They were good enough for mothers.

B．They were effective in teaching babies.

C．They were cheaper than other products.

D．They were popular with many mothers.

3. What does the author think of setting up little babies to be more advanced early?

A．It’s a good way to build up potentials.

B．It’s not helpful to baby’s development.

C．It’s vital to develop baby’s brain.

D．It’s not so cheap to be invested by all parents.

4. What does the author suggest parents do?

A．Give children more sports.

B．Develop children more.

C．Let babies grow as they are.

D．Develop children’s bilingualism.

4 . Doctors in the U. K. are warning children born in the age of tablets(平板)and touch screens are missing the fine motor skills needed to operate the simpler tools in life: pens and pencils.

After all, it’s easier to give a child an iPad than encouraging them to do muscle-building play such as building blocks.

Certainly penmanship(书法)has been on the decline since the appearance of keyboard. Some Arizona educators are even considering dropping cursive(草书)writing entirely from classes. They think teaching a kid to use soon-to-be ancient tools like pens and pencils is a waste of time and money.

The thing is, there’s more than one point to penmanship. A pencil is what develops hand strength and dexterity(灵巧)that children will need throughout their lives. It’s a lifelong learning tool that helps the world produce its surgeons and pilots.

And the bad cursive writing opens the door for an all-important lesson on the virtues of practice. A keyboard, on the other hand, ticks off each letter with perfect precision from the very start. But it robs a kid not only of the joys of getting something right, but also developing a written identity.

Consider that if society stops teaching children how to push a pen, how long before we won’t be able to read it? Maybe the pen will someday be history. But we all need to know how to read history.

As blogger Starre Vartan puts it, “As an art lover, I visit as many museums as I can, and a major part of many exhibitions, original written documents are included, all of which requires the reader to be able to decipher(破译)handwriting from times past.”

And, in an age when people turn increasingly to the same old emoji(表情符号)to express themselves, those lines on paper may be one of the few remaining bastions(堡垒)of identity.

1. Which of the following may belong to hand muscle-building play according to the text?

A．Hide-and-seek.	B．High jumping.
C．Role playing.	D．Cutting and sticking.

2. What is some Arizona educators’ view on penmanship?

A．It is a traditional art.	B．It is out of date.
C．It brings people joy.	D．It does harm to kids.

3. What message does the author want to convey in paragraph 5?

A．Penmanship is beneficial.	B．Penmanship needs practice.
C．The keyboard is also important.	D．Every kid needs a written identity.

4. What can we infer from blogger Starre Vartan’ words?

A．Learning cursive is necessary.

B．Written documents are treasures.

C．Readers need to write much more.

D．Cursive writing can hide messages.

5 . Creativity at Work

“People will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night.”— Daryl F. Zanuck, head of 20th Century Fox, commenting on television in 1946.

The need for creativity is changing how the workplace is organized and what people do. These changes centre on the use and _______ of information: the basis for ideas. A company’s future depends upon how well it _______ , interprets, and acts upon information. Today the spread of information technologies —including computers and data bases— is _______ a sea of change in the business world.

Yet how workers interpret that information is as important as the information itself. Interpretation is, in fact, a _______ act. But the degree of creativity is influenced by our feelings: our belief that we can speak without fear of retribution, our feeling of being _______ by others, a confidence in our own intuition all affect how we _______ the information before us.

There are many ways in which the creative spirit can find expression in the workplace: innovations in management, _______ in distribution methods, or new ideas for financing a business. Creative ideas can also be used to _______ the organization itself by increasing the _______ of workers. One such innovation is the elimination of restrictive job descriptions that put workers in “boxes” and ________ their performance. Another idea is to ________ all financial information with all of the employees. Elimination of traditional corporate secrets ________ workers to understand the larger reality of the business and encourages them to generate ideas of their own to ________ costs and increase revenues.

Since creative problem-solving requires the psychological ________ of the whole person, the modern workplace must undergo vital changes. From the efforts of ________ companies around the world, a set of key ideas are emerging that can change the psychology of the workplace.

1.

A．origin

B．interpretation

C．analysis

D．point

2.

A．acquires

B．requires

C．draws

D．arouses

3.

A．going on

B．focusing on

C．bringing about

D．forming into

4.

A．appreciative

B．positive

C．creative

D．constructive

5.

A．supported

B．loved

C．betrayed

D．trusted

6.

A．depend on

B．pick up

C．respond to

D．set up

7.

A．identifications

B．assessments

C．improvements

D．cooperations

8.

A．weaken

B．strengthen

C．create

D．satisfy

9.

A．initiative

B．creativity

C．attention

D．effectiveness

10.

A．improve

B．limit

C．discourage

D．deny

11.

A．share

B．collect

C．spread

D．discuss

12.

A．helps

B．teaches

C．pushes

D．devotes

13.

A．eliminate

B．earn

C．return

D．reduce

14.

A．satisfaction

B．commitment

C．stress

D．contribution

15.

A．monitoring

B．consuming

C．changing

D．pioneering

6 . Marilu Arce loves her job, but for a time she considered leaving. The traffic-plagued commute from her home to her office, nearly two hours each way, meant her daughters couldn’t enroll in after school activities because she couldn’t get home in time to take them.

Then her employer adopted a policy permitting her to work from home two days a week, and “I feel like it changed my life,” she said. Her stress level has dropped. Her daughters are thrilled. She likes her job more. That’s the type of reaction Arce’s boss likes to hear as the company measures the success of the work-from-home policy which was instituted three years ago in hopes of improving employee retention. So far, it seems to be working: turnover was less than five percent last year—its lowest ever.

Flexible work policies top employee wish lists when they look for a job, and employers increasingly have been offering them. Studies have shown working remotely increases employee engagement, but in moderation because there is still value in the relationships nurtured when colleagues are face to face. The key, advocates of flexible work policies say, is to match the environment with the type of work that needs to be done.

The flexibility hasn’t hurt productivity, which is up 50 percent. There is “something lost” when colleagues don’t gather at the water cooler, but it’s outweighed by the retention and happiness gains, he said. As jobs that require physical work decline, thanks to technological advances, life superficially appears to get better. Consumers benefit in the form of cheaper prices. Labor-saving appliances all make things easier and suggest that even more and better benefits are on the horizon. But is something lost?

Talk long enough to the most accomplished academics, they will brag about a long-ago college summer job waiting tables or repairing hiking trails. They might praise the installer who redid their kitchen. There seems to be a human instinct to want to do physical work. The proliferation of hard-work reality-television programming reflects this apparent need. Indeed, the more we have become immobile and urbanized, the more we tune in to watch reality television’s truckers, loggers, farmers, drillers and rail engineers. In a society that supposedly despises menial jobs, the television ratings for such programmes suggest that lots of Americans enjoy watching people of action, who work with their hands.

Physical work, in its eleventh hour within a rapidly changing Western culture, still intrigues us in part because it remains the foundation for 21st century complexity. Before any of us can teach, write or speculate, we must first have food, shelter and safety. And for a bit longer, that will require some people to cut grapes and nail two-by-sixes. No apps or 3D printers exist to produce brown rice. Physical labour also promotes human versatility: Those who do not do it, or who do not know how to do it, become divorced from—and, at the same time, dependent on—labourers. Lawyers, accountants and journalists living in houses with yards and driving cars to work thus count on a supporting infrastructure of electricians, landscapers and mechanics. In that context, physical labour can provide independence, at least in a limited sense of not being entirely reliant on a host of hired workers.

1. The author mentions the example of Arce to show that________.

A．she dislikes the present job for the long commuting time

B．she is having trouble balancing work and school life

C．people usually don’t work hard outside office

D．employers are facing the problem of staff drain

2. The practice of flexible working time is based on the belief that________.

A．it helps to increase job satisfaction for the employees

B．it improves harmonious relationship among colleagues

C．the decline in physical work gives employees more mobility

D．employees are entitled to request it according to their work

3. What is the possible reason for the popularity of hard-work reality-television programmes?

A．They entertain those employees burned out with overwork.

B．People can learn some basic labour skills from these programmes.

C．There’s an ongoing need for physical labour skills that technology doesn’t possess.

D．They offer instructive information for both employers and employees.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A．The Emergence of Alternative Work Arrangements

B．The Rise of Automation, the Decline in Need for Labour

C．Time to Rethink in the Face of the Evolution of Work

D．New Challenges for Today’s Employers and Academics

7 . The world is experiencing a major health crisis. As the new coronavirus spreads, many countries are limiting their citizens’ activities. Travel has been ________ . Many schools are closed. In major cities around the world, restaurants and other businesses are shut down.

Public emergencies ________ a certain type of person—the panic shopper. Some people fear not being able to find basic needs for survival. ________ , they buy everything off supermarket shelves in preparation for the days to come. Bread is often among the first products to disappear in emergency situations.

So, if you have never made bread, now may be a good time to learn. Bread making is a ________ skill. With very few simple things—such as flour, salt and yeast—you can ________ a fresh loaf of bread for your family, neighbours or coworkers.

Baking is not just a useful survival skill. It can make you feel better at ________ times. ________ , baking and cooking have been used to treat people with mental health issues.

Julie Ohana is a(n) ________ worker. She offers what she calls culinary therapy to her patients in New York City. “I say’ therapy’ because to me cooking is so therapeutic. And ‘therapeutic’ really means something that makes you feel ________ , something that is helpful and beneficial to the person doing it.” Julie Ohana uses culinary therapy to help people overcome many kinds of issues. She explains that culinary therapy ________ on many levels.

Baking requires mindfulness. “So when you’re in the kitchen —whether you’re cooking or you’re baking—it really requires a certain level of mindfulness, of being ________ in the moment. Specifically, when you’ re baking. And baking really requires step-by-step, following a ________ , being more precise. Kneading the dough or rolling something out, you really get the full benefit of being present in the moment and being able to relax and ________ all the other thoughts and just focus on the here-and-now. And there really are very strong benefits of being able to do that, to be able to relax, to decompress, destress, and really ________ one’s level of life satisfaction.”

Baking is a labour of love. Ohana also says baking is a process filled with love. It not only makes you feel good, it produces something tangible—something you can touch and eat!

Baking is emotional. Often our food experiences are ________ to family memories and stories. We remember meals our grandmothers made. We teach our children important recipes for family favourites.

Ohana says something that all bakers know—giving delicious, baked goods makes the giver feel as good as the receiver. So, she calls baking a win-win.

1.

A．promoted

B．restricted

C．abandoned

D．recognized

2.

A．bring out

B．bring up

C．bring down

D．bring about

3.

A．Besides

B．However

C．Otherwise

D．Therefore

4.

A．management

B．survival

C．medical

D．communicative

5.

A．buy

B．sacrifice

C．bake

D．consume

6.

A．stressful

B．crucial

C．optimistic

D．miserable

7.

A．In addition

B．As a result

C．By contrast

D．In fact

8.

A．office

B．social

C．rescue

D．research

9.

A．anxious

B．depressed

C．good

D．committed

10.

A．works

B．adopts

C．lacks

D．affects

11.

A．absent

B．present

C．greedy

D．recognized

12.

A．recipe

B．rule

C．theory

D．composition

13.

A．put on

B．put up

C．put aside

D．put off

14.

A．reduce

B．decrease

C．release

D．increase

15.

A．connected

B．associated

C．tied

D．drawn

8 . Nowadays, with the popularization of science and technology, people seem to have a painless, cost-effective new way to become pretty-photo retouching, currently a universal way to beautify photos through digital devices.

Even those who believe themselves to be unattractive can become easy on the eye with the push of a button. Some may say that retouching allows people to see a better side of themselves sand can help people build their confidence. However, it is more likely to deepen people’s anxieties regarding their appearance.

After you have taken a selfie and used a retouching program such as Photoshop or Meitu to glamorize yourself, you may finally see the more perfect self you’ve always desired to be. As a result, you may be boastful about yourself for a while, but when you turn your head and look at your real, imperfect self in the mirror, you will soon suffer from a strong sense of loss. Even though retouching can bring you short-term happiness and self-confidence, it can never change your actual appearance in real life. Eventually, the fantasy you had created for yourself by retouching your images will only come to make you feel more depressed after you are once again faced with the reality of how you actually appear.

Photo retouching may also lead to personal anxiety and low self-dignity. Before retouching technologies were invented, only a few celebrities and bloggers looked appealing on social media. Most people posted pictures of themselves on the internet that were very close to how their real, ordinary, everyday selves would appear in reality. They didn’t have to worry about whether their nose was delicate enough or whether they had any acne (痤疮) on their face because most of the others didn’t look flawless in pictures, either.

However, with the continuous emergence of retouching technologies, you may one day suddenly discover that all of the selfies of the people around you have become stunningly gorgeous. The delicate body curve, the doll-like enormous eyes and the supermodel-sized long legs are no longer exclusive to beauty-pageant (选美比赛) winners or movie stars.

Imagine yourself lying on the sofa while idly checking your WeChat Moments. You can’t take your eyes off these charming photos that have been posted by your colleagues, friends and classmates. Then you may have a glance at your own chubby belly and dark skin. Shame, anxiety and self-doubt begin growing in your heart. You plunge into deep fear and self-blame since you cannot figure out why everyone else looks so beautiful, while you are not. But actually, deep down in your heart, you know why, but you just can’t shake off this envy that’s going to drown you.

1. What does the underlined word “glamorize” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．make somebody appear attractive	B．beautify oneself with more make-up
C．publicize the image that one is good-looking	D．present somebody’s image in a reasonable way

2. What can we infer from in Paragraph 4?

A．Becoming beautiful was an exclusive right for celebrities and bloggers.

B．There is no tolerance of one’s imperfection in contemporary society.

C．People posting selfies online used to enjoy the life without trouble.

D．Retouching causes an unhealthy mentality in one’s appearance.

3. According to the passage, what are the disadvantages of retouching?
① a sense of seeming happiness and temporary confidence
② ever-worsening depression, anxiety and fear
③ inability to change one’s actual situation
④ bad influence on social relationships and information distribution

A．①②

B．①②③

C．②③

D．②③④

4. What is the best possible title of the passage?

A．Ways to Decode the Retouching	B．Retouching: Causes and Treatment
C．Navigating Life without Retouching	D．Retouching: A Lift or a Lie?

9 . Do what you love, and you’ll never work another day in your life. We’ve heard that opinion countless times. But does it even ring true? In fact, I think it’s perfectly normal to love your job and simultaneously(同时发生的) recognize the fact that it’s hard work. That’s right! Sometimes you may feel stressed, overwhelmed or even tired out. It doesn’t mean that you’re in the wrong line of work.

Think back to when you were a little kid. Do you remember what your answer was when people leaned forward and inquired about what you wanted to be when you grew up? Well, I always told people I wanted to be a bird. Having passions and interests is encouraged. But finding what you love is only half the equation. You need to be able to make a living doing it. Real-life pressures require us to pursue avenues that are able to provide us with a decent and comfortable standard of living.

Work and play are two vastly different things. Work requires effort in order to pay the bills and put food on the table, whereas play is all about fun and enjoyment. If you’re lucky, you’ll be able to incorporate some of that joy and passion into your daily routine. But that definitely doesn’t mean that your entire career will be a walk in the park. Adding in that pressure and the expectation of payment is exactly what separates your job from everything else. Unlike fun, work isn’t always something that you want to do—it’s something that you need to do. And, chances are, when what you love turns into your job, you might not love it as much anymore.

Pretty much every position comes along with at least a few demanding tasks or responsibilities that will simply never be enjoyable. Maybe you hate the quarterly board meeting. Perhaps you simply can’t stand filling out your monthly expense report. Whatever it is, there’s undoubtedly a certain aspect of your daily routine that makes you say, “Ugh.”

But remember that loving your job is a wonderful thing. Loving your livelihood requires a great deal of effort. It’s pretty much human nature to enjoy the things we’re good at. And in order to be good at your position, you need to put in some elbow grease. Oftentimes, it’s not just the work that we love. It’s the reward and satisfaction we get after doing it well: And we all know that getting things done well involves exerting ourselves. It’s an ever-ending cycle.

1. Why does the author mention the childhood dream in Paragraph 2?

A．To stress the importance of interests.

B．To remind the good times of childhood.

C．To make a comparison with a realistic career.

D．To encourage people to stick to original dreams.

2. What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 4?

A．People’s daily routine of work.

B．Some rules of the workplace.

C．Tasks for different positions.

D．The annoying part of work.

3. What does the underlined part “elbow grease” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A．Hard work.	B．Rich rewards.
C．Personal interests.	D．Good experiences.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．The truth about work.	B．The dangers of work.
C．The necessity of work.	D．The difficulty of work.

10 . Teacher-Centred Versus Student-Centred Classes

Over the past few decades, teaching styles have changed significantly. Many teachers no longer feel satisfied with lecture-style, teacher-centered learning. A student-centered teaching style has been shown to have _________ benefits for both teachers and students

Student-centered learning can help students take an active interest in their education. Attendance is a(n)_________ in today’s universities and colleges. Some students fail to attend classes, while others doze off or socialize during class time. Students who are forced or at least encouraged to participate in discussions and answer questions aloud _________ pay attention. Studies have shown that answering questions aloud improves understanding and retention. _________ students’ participation may help them realize that going to class is more effective than _________ reading the textbook on their own, without the aid of a teacher.

At first glance, student-centered learning tends to make teaching a more _________ task. It requires instructors to think of ways to _________ their students and make sure that each one is participating. In reality, _________, student-centered learning is of great benefit to teachers. When students are forced to express their opinions and answer questions _________, it is easy for the instructor to see where students are having trouble. This type of communication between teachers and students can greatly enhance a teacher’s understanding of what the students have learned or missed.

Another __________ of student-centered learning is that it can enable students to improve their __________ skills. Under a teacher-centered mode of instruction, students have little or no opportunity to interact with their peers. __________ opportunities to build communication and teamwork skills may be severely limited. One of the important functions of higher education, including in-class learning, should be to prepare students for a smooth__________ into society and the workplace. Only by encouraging student participation and interaction can universities__________ students’ ability to make this shift smoothly and effectively.

Student-centered learning helps teachers do a better job of planning what material they are going to teach and how best to present it to their students. Students find this type of learning not only more__________ but also much more effective than teacher-centered learning.

1.

A．valueless

B．substantial

C．unconditional

D．unpredictable

2.

A．barrier

B．contributor

C．priority

D．problem

3.

A．tend to

B．fail to

C．struggle to

D．desire to

4.

A．For example

B．In addition

C．In contrast

D．Therefore

5.

A．carefully

B．helplessly

C．randomly

D．simply

6.

A．imaginary

B．creative

C．difficult

D．effortless

7.

A．engage

B．appeal

C．ask

D．praise

8.

A．however

B．meanwhile

C．likewise

D．consequently

9.

A．in moderation

B．in chorus

C．on the spot

D．in the short term

10.

A．way

B．outcome

C．disadvantage

D．advantage

11.

A．management

B．language

C．computer

D．social

12.

A．As a result

B．Furthermore

C．Instead

D．On top of that

13.

A．transition

B．transfer

C．transmission

D．transplant

14.

A．compare

B．foster

C．sharpen

D．employ

15.

A．sensitive

B．reliable

C．enjoyable

D．knowledgeable