1 . CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD’S ATTENTION

We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate.

In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”. An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology.

Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”, which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly.

There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses.

Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help?

1. What type of writing is this passage?

A．Argumentative writing.	B．Narrative writing.
C．Expository writing.	D．Advertising writing.

2. In which part of a newspaper or magazine may we find this passage?

A．Entertainment.	B．Economy.
C．Education.	D．Environment.

2 . The UK is home to 26 world-ranked universities of the top 200 globally. At the heart of each university is the library, a space for students to access resources, absorb knowledge and gather thoughts. Here are some of our must-visit libraries across the UK.

The British Library, London

Located in London, the British Library is home to over 170 million items. The collections offer a glimpse into literary heritage over the ages, from books to maps to manuscripts. Visitors can browse treasures including Leonardo da Vinci’s notebook. Students with a reading pass are known to spend hours at a time in the reading rooms.

Bodleian Old Library, Oxford

Dating back to 1488, the Bodleian Old Library has three notable reading rooms. It is celebrated for its late Gothic architecture. You may recognize the elaborately carved ceiling from scenes in Harry Potter.Students at the university automatically get access to the library.

John Rylands Library, Manchester

......

In which column of a newspaper can the passage be found?

A．Culture

B．Fashion

C．Science

D．Entertainment

3 . Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature

Grading Scale

90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.

Essays (60%)

Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.

Group Assignments (30%)

Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.

Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)

Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.

Late Work

An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.

Where is this text probably taken from?

A．A textbook.

B．An exam paper.

C．A course plan.

D．An academic article.

4 . A Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today’s most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond.

Mike Shepherd(2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England

It was an extremely cold winter’s evening and freezing fog hung in the air. I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep, and though it was only a short climb, I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop, to achieve the black—and—white image(图像).

Timothy Smith(2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire, England

I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images. Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe. a local high point, I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest.

Where can the text be found?

A．In a history book.	B．In a novel.
C．In an art magazine.	D．In a biography.

5 . Going to school can be a demanding obstacle for many, but some people are well prepared for the challenge. For Dylan Kuehl, being a student has been a challenging joy. The 38-year-old has had a passion for studying, and believes that the more he learns, the more he learns to see the world differently. This open-minded approach and enthusiastic mindset are all the most inspiring as Kuehl has Down syndrome (唐氏综合征).

He knows the struggle of breaking new ground from a lifetime of experience of being different. He has sustained his ability to shine as a unique individual by graduating from The Evergreen State College in Washington State. Kuehl is the first person with Down syndrome in the college’s 51-year history to earn a four-year degree. Not only that, but this also makes him the first person with Down syndrome in Washington state to achieve this remarkable milestone.

Kuehl’s passion for creativity led him to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree. He enjoyed classes in painting and dance as part of his curriculum, but his primary focus was writing. Out of 900 graduates, he was one of three to be selected to give an address at the graduation ceremony.

“Celebrate your abilities,” Kuehl tells his fellow students in his speech. “Live your life with ambition and pride.” We can all take a leaf out of this inspiring man’s book which is about enthusiasm, positivity, determination and a whole lot of motivating hard work.

Aside from graduating college, Kuehl is also an entrepreneur (企业家). He started his own visual and performing arts company called DK Arts in 2005, where he sells his own artwork and glass jewelry. He plays the drums in a band called Living the Dream, advocating for inclusion through his music.

In which section of the website can we find the text?

A．Art.	B．Academy.
C．Business.	D．People.

6 . Popular Libraries in the World

The idea of a public library — where anyone in the community is trusted to borrow books, often for long stretches of time, for free — is fairly magical. Some of the libraries in the world are pretty popular now.

The British Library, London, the UK

The British Library is comparable to the Library of Congress in terms of the size of their holdings, many of which are unique. According to its annual report, the British Library welcomes millions of visitors every year, but the figure in 2016-2017 represents a small but disappointing reduction in the overall visitor numbers.

The State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

According to its annual report, the State Library of Victoria’s visitors broke the 2 million in 2016-2017 visit record for the first time in its history, making it the busiest library in Australia. It also recorded many online visits, accessed collection items and uses of digitized collection items.

The New York Public Library, New York, the USA

The New York Public Library reports that it has hosted millions of visitors and circulated large numbers of items over their locations. According to a press, the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building — the main branch of the library — yearly receives the greatest number of visitors.

The National Library of China, Beijing, China

Established as the Imperial Library of Peking in 1909, the National Library of China is now the largest library in Asia, with holdings of over 30 million items. The library’s annual report puts its total visitors across multiple locations at several million every year.

In which column of a magazine can you find the text?

A．Finance.	B．Culture.
C．Architecture.	D．Technology.

7 . A BAKING DEGREE/DIPLOMA ONLINE

Offered by Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts.

General introduction

Our programs combine flexible online classes (24/7 access to hundreds of technique videos) with a hands-on baking externship (校外实习) experience that lets you apply what you learn from our experienced instructors in a real-world setting. Also, you can attend an in-person graduation at Escoffier in Boulder.

How culinary school online works

Our proven approach blends online content with one-on-one interaction from experienced chef instructors to help ensure your learning, in addition to a hands-on industry externship at the end of your program.

Who our students are

Escoffier Online students come from many walks of life. Some are new to the business. Some are professionals who want to level up. All are ready to learn.

The process

LEARN

Complete readings, watch lectures and demonstrations, carry out research and take knowledge-check quizzes.

DISCUSS

Talk through what you’ve learned with classmates and instructors on private class message boards. You can also join live lessons broadcast online each week.

EXPERIENCE

Roll up your sleeves and get to work in your kitchen. Execute your practical assignments, documenting the process along the way through a production sheet and photos when instructed to.

Where is the passage probably taken from?

A．A brochure.

B．A report.

C．A paper.

D．A journal.

8 . The ebike has become an essential item, and even the King has been spotted riding one. According to the market research company Mintel, sales have almost tripled over the past five years. While ebikes have become increasingly commonplace, they are still undeniably expensive. You can pick up a perfectly adequate push bike for £300, but most ebikes cost nearly £2, 000. Now, Cycling Electric, designed to help consumers choose an ebike, offers the following recommendations.

Best folding bike

Carbo Model X

Price: £2, 799 | Weight: 13. 3kg

Range: up to 34 miles

This is one of the most convenient bikes, from a little-known label. The lightweight Carbo X is the perfect example of convenience thanks to its carbon frame and belt drive, instead of a metal bike chain. This makes it lighter and less likely to get messy than an electric Brompton, with its more traditional, oily chain.

Most stylish

Temple Cycles Classic

Price: from £2, 995 | Weight: 19kg

Range: up to 74 miles

This Bristol-based brand is known for its elegant pushbikes, which are hand-built in the city. This is its electric version. It’s a very sleek and functional commuter option and not too heavy. Temples have fewer proprietary (品牌专卖的) parts and so are serviceable in any bike shop. Stylish as they may be, the VanMoofs and the Cowboys can be a bit more complex to get back-up and service.

The money-no-object option

Riese & Müller Nevo4 GT Vario GX

Price: £5, 380 | Weight: 28. 4kg

Range: up to 93 miles

This is a prime example of the attention to detail delivering a high-quality experience in functionality, comfort and practicality — if you can afford it. It has the capacity to handle 25kg of luggage in a pannier, powerful road lights and a beautifully smooth motor.

1. Which ebike will a consumer probably choose, who cares most about an excellent experience?

A．Carbo Model X.

B．The VanMoofs and the Cowboys.

C．Temple Cycles Classic.

D．Riese & Müller Nevo4 GT Vario GX.

2. Where is the text probably taken from?

A．An online post.	B．A magazine column.
C．A market research report.	D．An official document.

9 . Beer Worth Traveling For

One could give to beer the higher status of a universal human truth. Think Irish Guinness or Japanese Sapporo, each culture has a beer all its own. But in recent years, smaller, more local craft breweries (啤酒厂) have been on the rise, necessitating globe-trotting to gain a taste of the regional takes on the classics.

From well-established breweries in South Africa and California, to the growing markets in Southeast Asia, craft beer is worth travelling for.

Szot Brewery

Talagante, Chile

A Californian and Chilean husband-and-wife team established this brewery outside Santiago in 2016. ......

The Dancing Camel Brewery

Tel Aviv, Israel

Located in a converted grain storage facility dating from the 1930s and established in 2005, Dancing Camel is Israel’s oldest microbrewery. ......

Young Master Brewery

Hong Kong SAR, China

As one of the first craft breweries in Hong Kong, Young Master Ales has been a hot spot since 2013. In addition to......

Young Henrys Brewery

Sydney, Australia

In the heart of the city, this brewery is all about the community, including reducing its environmental impact.......

Where does the text probably come from?

A．A travel guidebook.

B．A science magazine.

C．A biology textbook.

D．A wine advertisement.