1 . Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded greatly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries(奢侈品). Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. The problem is that the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost unavoidably associated with environmental damage.

There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment. One of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, the construction of large industrial plants is required. These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative long term health effects to nearby populations of animals, or people.

Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption.The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment. There also exist so­called eco­friendly sources of energy. They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices(牺牲)to support these undertakings. What’s more, to produce economically practical energy, people unavoidably have to transform the natural site.This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment. For example, application of wind energy would block air flows’ natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength after crossing the windmill. Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure.

For these reasons, bringing about economic growth without any resulting environmental damage, whatsoever, is impossible.

2 . Use Phones Respectfully

You probably spend more time on your smartphone than any other possessions. You take it everywhere—to school, to meals, and even to the bathroom.     1     But we have to learn to use our phones respectfully or at least without offending others around us. Here are some tips for smartphone usage. Take a look.  

Use “do not disturb” instead of “vibrate (振动)”.

Loud vibrations in your trousers are disturbing. People can hear your phone vibrate or not, depending on how violently it vibrates.     2    

Tell others what you’re doing.

Sometimes, you will be in a situation where you need to use your smartphone.     3    If you don’t, people will think that you’re either interacting with someone else or just getting bored.  

    4    

Respect others’ privacy such as text messages and e-mail senders by not letting what they type appear on the home screen of your phone when you receive a new message. While you’re at it, use a password to make sure the information stays between you.

Ask permission to swipe (滑动).

When people hand you their phone to look at a photo, this doesn’t mean you can look through all of their photo albums.     5    

Advertisements, which often use words and pictures to persuade people     1    (buy) a product or service, can be found     2     we go. A     3    (success) advertisement will not only make people aware of a product or service, but also create a desire to buy, behind     4     advertisers have developed ways of persuading people into purchasing their products or services. One of the most common techniques is to create memorable     5    (slogan), some of which appeal to our emotions. Another technique employed by advertisers is to link their company or product to     6    brand ambassador. In addition, some advertisements are not so obvious, in which product     7    (place) is typically used.We take in these marketing messages     8    (appear) in films with huge box-office success and TV shows with high ratings without thinking about them too much.

Now,     9     the more digital and more personalized advertising, we are very likely to receive special discounts and promotions targeted     10    (specifical) at us.

Hello, everyone! Welcome to our city! And I’m your tour guide today. Let me show you     1     the city. As you can see, at present there are some places     2     (rebuild) in order to make the city more beautiful. Look! A new supermarket     3     (build) in the centre. And the main roads     4     (widen) so far. Next, let’s come to the old museum     5     many art works     6     (exhibit). What’s more, a new one is     7     construction behind it. And now we’re coming to the park in     8     you can see that different kinds of activities     9     (do) by people of all ages. Oh, look, there is a good juice shop where fresh and delicious drinks     10     (prepare) for you if you feel thirsty.

6 . Many of you may know that Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.     1     In September, Indonesia announced that the country will move its capital from Jakarta, on the island of Java, to Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo. This is big news for Indonesia. Indeed, it would be for any country.

The word ''capital'' comes from the Latin word ''caput'', meaning ''head''. Government institutions (机构), such as legislative (立法) and judicial (司法) bodies, are located in capital cities.     2    

In English-language news reports, when you read ''relations between Beijing and Moscow'', it actually means ''relations between the Chinese and Russian governments''.     3     In many countries, the capital is the richest city. This is because when a city becomes a major business center, it takes a more important place on the world stage. London, for example, has been the economic center of Britain for nearly 2,000 years, so it's naturally been the capital for much of that time.

    4     Brazil's capital used to be Rio de Janeiro, a coastal city. Later the capital moved to the inland city of Brasilia. Part of the reason is that coastal cities can be attacked (攻击) more easily. In the case of Indonesia, the new capital was chosen in order to achieve balanced development in different areas. Kalimantan is an underdeveloped area.     5    

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was born in Zurich, Switzerland in 1926. In spite of her father’s objections, Elisabeth was determined at an early age     1    (study) medicine and in 1957 received her medical degree from the University of Zurich. In 1958 she married Dr. Emanuel Ross,    2    American, who also studied medicine at the university and they moved to the U.S. to fulfill their medical dreams     3     (well).

While working at Manhattan State Hospital, Dr. Kubler-Ross     4    (horrify) by the routine neglect and poor treatment of mental patients. It was here that she began her lifelong approach to medical practice as she developed a program of individual care and attention for each patient. This approach resulted    5    significant improvement in the mental health of 94% of her patients.

In 1965, Dr. Kubler-Ross published her first book, On Death and Dying, a 1969 worldwide bestseller.     6    (base) on her many patient interviews, she identified the five now     7     (wide) accepted stages that patients go through as they approach death: denial, anger, bargaining,    8    (depress) and acceptance.

During her career, Dr. Kubler-Ross served in 16 different hospitals and universities,    9    (write) more than 20 books, many of     10    were translated into other languages, and received many honors. In 1999, she was listed among Time’s 100 Most Important Thinkers of the Century.