1 . Marie Curie is remembered today for her pioneering work on radioactivity, which not only earned her two Nobel Prizes but also the recognition as the “mother of modern physics”. But while her research into the radioactive elements polonium and radium may have secured her a lasting scientific legacy, those same substances have also had a lasting effect on her body.

Then, in 1911, after much personal tragedy (Pierre Curie had died suddenly in 1906), Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for isolating pure radium. She would go on to devote her research to the study of the chemistry of radioactive substances as well as their applications in medicine. In fact, if it were not for Curie’s work, our treatments for cancer would likely not be anywhere near as developed as they are today. But despite advocating precautions (预防), Curie’s consistent and prolonged exposure to these substances came at a cost.

Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934, from aplastic anemia (再生障碍性贫血) caused by her work with radiation. Despite its name, aplastic anemia is more than just anemia; it is a rare blood condition that appears when bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to function properly. When Curie died, her body was so radioactive that she had to be laid to rest in a lead-lined (铅封的) coffin. However, no one knew this until 1995 when her coffin was unearthed.

At the time, the French authorities wanted to move the Curies to the national cemetery, the Pantheon, in honor of their contributions to science and for being great figures in French history. The officials responsible for the exhumation (掘尸) contacted the French radiation protection agency with concerns about remaining radiation and asked for assistance to protect workers in the cemetery.

When the exhumers approached the grave, they detected normal levels of radiation on the air, which then rose as the grave was opened (though not by large amounts). At first, Marie Curie’s coffin appeared to be made of wood, but when opened, they found it was lined with 2.5 millimeters (0.09 inches) of lead. Later examination of Curie’s body revealed that she had remained remarkably well preserved and only small levels of alpha and beta contamination were detected. This, according to The Journal of British Society for the History of Radiology, was likely because Curie had taken steps to limit exposure to radiation in later life.

1. We can infer from the text that Marie Curie ________.

A．invested amounts of money in her research

B．was awarded the Nobel Prize for radium precaution

C．is credited with the development of cancer treatment

D．abandoned her research after her husband’s sudden death

2. What can we know about the exhumation officials?

A．They overestimated the actual radiation level.

B．They were not licensed for the exhumation work.

C．They had no regard for the safety of their workers.

D．They were previously informed of the lead-lined coffin.

3. Why only small levels of radiation was detected from Curie’s body?

A．Her body remained remarkably well preserved.

B．Curie was less exposed to radiation in later life

C．The exhumers lacked adequate assistance technically.

D．The lead-lined coffin protect her body from radiation.

4. Which words can best describe Marie Curie based on the text?

A．Remarkable but careless.	B．Successful but aggressive.
C．Ambitious and considerate.	D．Committed and persistent.

2 . 假如你是李华，一名高二学生，在学习了关于中国航空之父钱学森的课文后，被他的爱国主义精神所感动，被他克服困难坚持不懈的科研精神所激励，想和他进行一场跨越时空的交流。请给他写一封信，内容包括：
1. 你对钱学森的了解（比如成就、品质、精神……）；2. 你对钱学森的仰慕和感悟。
注意：1.写作词数应为100左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Respected Mr. Qian,

I’m Li Hua, a senior two student.   

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours Sincerely,

Li Hua

3 . When physicist Stephen Hawking died in 2018 at the age of 76, the world mourned (哀悼), after the loss, there remains the enormous legacy of the scientist and the man to consider.

Despite being a renowned expert in cosmology and black holes, there is still much to discover about Hawking. In Stephen Hawking: A memoir of friendship and physics, theoretical physicist Leonard Mlodinow offers a close glimpse inside the famous scientist’s life, ranging from his early days at university and diagnosis at age 21 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to his later status as an international celebrity.

After co-authoring two books with Hawking, Mlodinow isn’t short of stories, particularly from time spent working together on their book The Grand Design. Hawking lived a colourful life often filled with hardship, and the possibility of death was never far away. Far from letting this be a setback, it is what Hawking credits for his achievements. “It helped me focus,” he tells Mlodinow after dinner one night.

Even so, Mlodinow admits that initially he couldn’t help but feel sorry for Hawking, living with a condition that required round-the-clock care and eventually left him unable to speak or voluntarily move anything but his eyes, brows and mouth. However, writes Mlodinow, “overtime all that pity would disappear like one of Stephen’s black holes”, adding that “ it occurred to me that Stephen had proved himself to be an iron man in a fragile man’s facade (外表)”. That view becomes one that readers will also tend to adopt as Mlodinow looks back.

Achievement came in many forms for Hawking, who refused to be restricted in thought or deed. As Mlodinow writes: “Often we limit our chances at success by limiting the goals toward which we strive. Stephen never did that. We can get used to anything, and we can accomplish, if not anything, then at least much more than we give ourselves credit for. To grow close to Stephen was to understand this.”

1. What can we learn about Mlodinow?

A．He was one of Hawking’s friends.	B．He worked for Hawking for many years.
C．He wrote two books about Hawking’s life.	D．He was the strongest competitor for Hawking.

2. How did Mlodinow feel about Hawking’s living condition at first?

A．Admiring.

B．Sympathetic.

C．Envious.

D．Puzzled.

3. What can we infer about Hawking from the last paragraph?

A．He kept pushing his limits.	B．He had extraordinary talent.
C．He was good at educating others.	D．He was a man with definite goals.

4. What is the purpose of this text?

A．To praise a relationship.	B．To introduce a book.
C．To honor a breakthrough.	D．To promote a physics theory.

6 . The year 2023 marks the 102th anniversary of Noether’s ring theory, a branch of theoretical mathematics that is still fascinating and challenging numerous mathematicians today.

Neother was born in 1882 in Germany, whose father was a math professor, but it must have seemed unlikely to a young Neother that she would follow in his footsteps because women were banned from academia and few took classes at universities. After Neother graduated from a high school for girls, Erlangen University started to let women enroll. She signed up and earned her doctorate in mathematics, which should have been the end of her mathematical journey. Teaching at a university for women was still out of the question. But Neother stuck with mathematics anyway, staying in Erlangen and unofficially guiding doctoral students without pay.

In 1915, she applied for a position at the University of Gottingen. Bill Nicholl, the dean at the university, also a mathematician, was in favor of hiring Neother, although his argument was far from feminist (女权主义). “The female brain is unsuitable for mathematical production,” he wrote, “but Neother stood out as one of the rare exceptions.”

Unfortunately for Neother,the Ministry of Education would not give the university permission to have a woman as their teacher. Neother stayed in Gottingen and taught courses listed under the name of a male faculty teacher. During those years, she kept doing research and made important contributions to theoretical physics and Einstein’s theory of relativity. The university finally granted her lecturer status. Two years later, Neother published revolutionary discoveries in ring theory, which is the study of mathematical objects called rings. Neotherian rings show up all the time in modern mathematics. Mathematicians still use Neother’s map today,not just in ring theory,but in other area such as number theory and algebraic geometry.

1. What do we learn about Neother from paragraph 2?

A．She taught at university as a teacher.	B．She earned a degree in mathematics.
C．She was taught by her father at home	D．She quit her mathematical journey early.

2. What can we infer from Bill Nicholl’s words ?

A．He was struggling for feminist.	B．Females’brains differed from males’.
C．Neother was a giant in mathematics.	D．Women mathematicians were superb.

3. What do we know about Noether’s ring theory?

A．It is still used by mathematicians today.

B．It opens up a new field in modern physics.

C．It is based on Einstein’s theory of relativity.

D．It lays the foundation for modern mathematics.

4. Which of the following can best describe Noether?

A．Gifted and generous.	B．Sensitive and determined.
C．Committed and creative.	D．Hardworking and honest.

8 . Nobel Prizes for medicine, physics, chemistry, economy, literature as well as peace work are awarded every October, each recognizing an individual’s or organization’s remarkable contribution in a specific field. Here is a quick guide of this year’s winners.

Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman

The two scientists contributed to the amazing rate of vaccine (疫苗) development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.

Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier

The trio are recognized for giving humanity new tools to explore the world of electrons, making it possible for us to understand and control how electrons behave in a material.

Narges Mohammadi

The Iranian activist is awarded for her fight against the suffering of women in Iran and her fight to promote women’s rights and freedom.

Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov

Awarded for their development of quantum (量子) dots, the three chemists really take people’s breath away. These tiny particles can promote chemical reactions and their clear light can help doctors find harmful tissue in a patient’s body.

Jon Fosse

The Norwegian playwriter touches on the deepest feelings that people have – anxieties, insecurities, questions of life and death —such things that every human being actually encounters.

Claudia Goldin

The Harvard professor helped us understand gender differences in the labour market and advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes.

1. Who wins Nobel Prize in Physics?

A．Jon Fosse.	B．Louis E. Brus.
C．Ferenc Krausz.	D．Drew Weissman.

2. What do Narges Mohammadi and Claudia Goldin have in common?

A．They speak up for women.	B．They support workers’ rights.
C．They provide job opportunities.	D．They promote economy development.

3. Where is the text most probably from?

A．A brochure.	B．A medical report.
C．A newspaper.	D．A science fiction.

9 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Qian Xuesen is a great scientist, a man of distinction. He     1     (bear) in Hangzhou, was admitted to the aeronautics department of the MIT in 1934. After graduating with his PhD, he was employed as     2     assistant researcher at Caltech. Qian’s missile designs laid the foundation for the successful building of missiles in the US in the 1940s and 1950s,     3     (make) him a world-renowned rocketeer.

When he learnt of the     4     (thrill) news of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Qian resolutely gave up his privileged conditions in the US and decided to return to his longed-for homeland to contribute as much as he could     5     his own nation.

Upon returning to China, Qian Xuesen was actively involved in research work. Under his     6     (participate) and guidance, China successfully launched its first rocket in 1960,     7     in 1964, it was a great success to run the flight test of China’s first self-designed medium-range rocket. In 1965, Qian’s proposal     8     (develop) an artificial satellite was included in the country’s key projects, after     9     the first artificial satellite was finally launched into space in 1970.

In 1999, Qian Xuesen     10     (award) the “Two Bombs and One Satellite” Meritorious Medal by the government of PRC, and was hailed as the “Father of China’s Missiles” for his significant contributions to China’s space industry.