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Since the digging of No.3 to No.8 sites begin in October last year, about 500 pieces of relics (文物) have been found at Sanxingdui Ruins in southwest China Sichuan Province. The relics, discovered at six new sites, include the golden masks. Many of them are unique shaped. The new finds have brought the total amount of the relics discovered at the ruins to nearly 2,000. The discoveries has shown that ancient China is far more developed we have expected.
Sanxingdui was discovered in the early twenty century. It has been considering as one of the greatest archaeological (考古的) wonder in the world.
2 . Six “sacrificial pits(祭祀坑)”, dating back 3,200 to 4,000 yeas, were newly discovered in Sanxingdui Ruins site in Guanghan. Over 500 artifacts, including gold masks, bronze wares, ivories, jades and textiles were unearthed from the site. Sanxingdui site is located in Sanxingdui Town, Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, on the south bank of Qianjiang River (Yangtze River), a tributary of Tuojiang River in the north of Chengdu Plain. The site covers an area of about 12 square kilometers, and the core area is the ancient city of Sanxingdui, with an area of about 3.6 square kilometers. It is the largest and highest-grade central site found in Sichuan Basin during the Xia and Shang period.
Sanxingdui site, first found in 1929, is generally considered as one of the most important archaeological sites along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. However, the work of excavation on the site only began in 1986, when two pits — widely believed for sacrificial ceremonies — were accidentally discovered.
Investigation in the area around No.1 and 2 pits was relaunched in October 2019, and No.3 pit was found in December 2019, according to Lei Yu, a researcher of Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute who heads the ongoing excavation. Thirty four research universities and research institutes have cooperated in this project. He said the new discoveries will help to better understand many unexplained findings in 1986.
More excavation followed in March 2020, and five more pits were found last year. And detailed research began in October. Excavation capsules with hi-tech equipment were set up in the pits in order to prevent the site from further damage.
According to the National Cultural Heritage Administration, studies of Sanxingdui site will become a crucial project in an ongoing program Archaeology China, which tries to explain the origins of Chinese civilization and how diverse cultures communicate and come together.
1. What does the underlined word “excavation” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．Check. | B．Dig. | C．Protection. | D．Extension. |
| A．By conducting more experiments around the site. |
| B．By dividing the task of excavation into several parts. |
| C．By cooperating with research universities and institutes. |
| D．By using excavation capsule armed with hi-tech equipment. |
| A．There are 6 sacrificial pits discovered in Sanxingdui site in all. |
| B．The size of the core zone is about 1/3 of Sanxingdui site. |
| C．The discovery of Sanxingdui site only began in 2019. |
| D．All sacrificial sites were discovered in the meantime. |
| A．Sanxingdui site needed protecting. |
| B．Hi-tech helped to explore Sanxingdui site. |
| C．Sanxingdui discoveries reveal ancient China. |
| D．Sacrificial pits were unearthed in Sanxingdui site. |
Since Chinese archaeologists (考古学家) discovered two deep holes in Guanghan, Sichuan in 1986, and
More than 500 pieces of relics
Tang Fei, chief of the Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute, said, “The new discoveries demonstrate once again that the
Originally discovered in
Many kinds of dinosaurs’ bones
Dinosaurs died out
6 . The lack of clues left behind by ancient Americans has made it difficult for researchers to determine precisely when humans first arrived on the continent. However, it has always been believed to be about 13, 000 years ago. Now, evidence from the Chiquihuite Cave in Zacatecas, Central Mexico, seems to suggest that prehistoric humans may have been living in North America as early as 30, 000 years ago.
Dr. Ciprian Ardelean, of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas who led the groundbreaking re- search, first became aware of the cave in May 2010. Getting to the cave located 2, 750 meters above sea level required a 45-minute truck ride to the base and an uphill climb over a rough terrain. However, Dr. Ardelean and his team found enough clues to make the difficult journey three additional times-in 2012, 2016, and 2017.
The archeologists’ efforts revealed many artifacts including over 1, 900 stone tools from multiple layers of the cave. The scientists found that most of the tools were between 16, 000 and 13, 000 years old. However, 239 artifacts unearthed from the deepest layer of the cave dated back an astonishing 30, 000 years!
While the genetic material gained in the cave was only plant and animal DNA, the team did find evidence of sulfur, potassium and zinc elements that could indicate human activities such as killing animals. Dr. Ardelean says the absence of human DNA confirms that the early people visited the cave for short periods of time.
The researchers are unsure of the ancient humans’ origins or the path they took to get to America. They guess the groups were tribes (部落) who moved from place to place and went extinct at some point during their migrations. Dr. Ardelean says, “We don’t know who they were, where they came from or where they went. They’re a complete enigma. We falsely assume that the native populations in the Americas to- day are direct descendants from the earliest Americans, but now we don’t think that is the case. ” Archeologist Loren Davis, from Oregon State University, is unsure that the artifacts recovered are tools. The researcher says, “If it’s true that people were in Zacatecas 32, 000 years ago, that changes everything-it more than doubles the time people have been in the Americas. I’m not going to say it’s impossible, but if all they found are broken rocks without any hard evidence, it’s natural for people to challenge the conclusion. ”
1. What did Dr. Ciprian Ardelean do?| A．He sold hundreds of artifacts. |
| B．He explored the cave four times. |
| C．He made the cave world-known. |
| D．He collected artifacts from the cave. |
| A．Metal elements unearthed from the cave. |
| B．Plant and animal DNA discovered in the cave. |
| C．The stone tools from the cave’s deepest layer. |
| D．The artifacts from the upper layers of the cave. |
| A．Problem. | B．Breakthrough. | C．Appeal. | D．Mystery. |
| A．Archaeology. | B．Anecdote. | C．Economy. | D．Literature. |
7 . Six “sacrificial pits (祭祀坑)”, dating back 3,200 to 4,000 yeas, were newly discovered in Sanxingdui Ruins site in Guanghan. Over 500 artifacts, including gold masks, bronze wares, ivories, jades and textiles were unearthed from the site. Sanxingdui site is located in Sanxingdui Town, Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, on the south bank of Qianjiang River (Yangtze River), a tributary of Tuojiang River in the north of Chengdu Plain. The site covers an area of about 12 square kilometers, and the core area is the ancient city of Sanxingdui, with an area of about 3.6 square kilometers. It is the largest and highest-grade central site found in Sichuan Basin during the Xia and Shang period.
Sanxingdui site, first found in 1929, is generally considered as one of the most important archaeological sites along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. However, the work of excavation on the site only began in 1986,when two pits-widely believed for sacrificial ceremonies-were accidentally discovered.
Investigation in the area around No.1 and 2 pits was relaunched in October 2019, and No.3 pit was found in December 2019, according to Lei Yu, a researcher of Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute who heads the ongoing excavation. Thirty four research universities and research institutes have cooperated in this project. He said the new discoveries will help to better understand many unexplained findings in 1986.
More excavation followed in March 2020, and five more pits were found last year. And detailed research began in October. Excavation capsules with hi-tech equipment were set up in the pits in order to prevent the site from further damage.
According to the National Cultural Heritage Administration, studies of Sanxingdui site will become a crucial project in an ongoing program Archaeology China, which tries to explain the origins of Chinese civilization and how diverse cultures communicate and come together.
1. What does the underlined word “excavation” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．Check. | B．Dig. | C．Exploitation. | D．Extension. |
| A．By dividing the task of excavation into several parts. |
| B．By cooperating with research universities and institutes. |
| C．By conducting more experiments around the site |
| D．By using excavation capsule armed with hi-tech equipment. |
| A．The size of the core zone is about 1/3 of Sanxingdui site. |
| B．The discovery of Sanxingdui site only began in 2019 |
| C．There are 6 sacrificial pits discovered in Sanxingdui site in all. |
| D．All sacrificial sites were discovered in the meantime. |
| A．Sanxingdui Discoveries Reveal Ancient China |
| B．Sanxingdui Site Needed Protecting |
| C．Sacrificial Pits Were Unearthed in Sanxingdui Site |
| D．Hi-tech Helped to Explore Sanxingdui Site |
8 . Like many of the arts, music flourished during the Zhou dynasty. From this period we have instruments, models of performers, descriptions of musicians and dancers, and the Shijing, or The Book of Poetry, which contains poems and songs of court and common people during the Zhou dynasty. It is likely that music played an extremely important role in the Zhou dynasty for all social classes.
One of the most important sources of information the researchers have regarding Zhou-dynasty music is from the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (433 B. C. E.). This tomb was uncovered in 1977 in Hubei Province and contained the most extensive and well-preserved set of musical instruments ever found in an ancient Chinese tomb. This four-chamber (室) tomb was designed in imitation of a palace with a central courtyard, reflecting the belief that the Marquis Yi would require the same comforts in the afterlife that he had enjoyed during his lifetime. The central chamber of the tomb, which reflected a palace courtyard, contained most of the musical instruments found, including a complete set of sixty-five graduated bells fixed on wooden shelves. In addition, twenty-one young women were buried with the Marquis Yi, some of whom were likely his favorite musicians and dancers.
The Marquis Yi’s set of sixty-five bells is remarkable for a variety of reasons. First, they are clearly dated—an inscription (碑文) indicates that the bells were a gift given to him in 433B. C. E. . Second, the bells were very expensive to produce and to purchase, particularly a set of this size, so they are further evidence of the Marquis Yi’s status. Finally, the bells, along with the other instruments in the room, illustrate what an instrumental band might have consisted of during this period. Scholars predict that it would have required twenty-four musicians to play all instruments at once.
There are still many gaps in our knowledge of ancient Chinese music, partly because there was no system for recording music in a written form.
1. The Book of Poetry is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to ________.| A．show the significance of the book |
| B．show the popularity of music in the Zhou dynasty |
| C．describe the meaning and the history of the book |
| D．represent the life of people in the Zhou dynasty |
| A．It contains all kinds of musical instruments. |
| B．It is designed by the Marquis Yi of Zeng. |
| C．It reflects the wish of the Marquis Yi for his life after death. |
| D．It is of the same size as that of the palace. |
| A．Because it might prove the Marquis Yi’s position. |
| B．Because it was difficult to buy at that time. |
| C．Because it once was an expensive gift. |
| D．Because it needs 24 performers to play at the same time. |
| A．Health. | B．Business. | C．Sports. | D．Art. |
Generations of Chinese archaeologists
The most
In
Wang Wei, president of the Archaeological Society of China and chief expert in the Centennial History of Chinese Archaeology (1921-2021),
10 . Discoveries at the famous Sanxingdui ruins in Southwest China show that the region’s ancient Shu Kingdom Civilization shared similarities with the Maya.
The Sanxingdui ruins belonged to the Shu Kingdom that existed at least 4,800 years ago and lasted more than 2,000 years, while the Mayan civilization built its city-states around 200 AD.
The bronze-made remains of trees unearthed at the ruins of the Shu Kingdom resemble the sacred ceiba tree, which symbolized the union of heaven, earth and the underworld in the Mayan civilization. “They are very important similarties,” says Marco Santos, a Mexican archaeologist stressing that “the representations of tress in both cultures provide a symbolism that is very similar.”
The findings at the Sanxingdui ruins, considered one of the greatest archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, also show a new aspect of Bronze Age culture, indicating the ancient civilization already had technologies that were thought to have been developed much later.
While the time span between the Shu kingdom and the Mayan culture is great, the findings highlight the closeness between the two civilizations. They developed in areas with comparable climates and reflected their worldview through related symbols. “In the end, man is still man, independent of time and space. What we have is that, at this latitude (纬度), both the Shu people and the Mayans looked at the same sky and had the same stars on the horizon,” the expert says.
One notable feature of the recent discoveries at Sanxingdui was the cross-subject work and technology applied by teams of Chinese archaeologists, which allowed the unearthing of artifacts as fragile as silk remains, which other types of less careful excavation methods would not have been able to register.
Cooperation between Chinese and Mexican archaeologists could benefit projects in the Mayan world, where the rainy climate and humidity are problematic for the conservation of ruins.
“Every time our cultural knowledge increases, regardless of whether we speak one language or another, what it shows us is that we continue to be sister cultures and, therefore, the exchange of such knowledge is fundamental.” says Santos.
1. What is a similarity between the Shu Kingdom and Mayan civilization?| A．Their starting time. | B．Their cultural symbols. |
| C．Their historical origins. | D．Their ceremony traditions. |
| A．Digging. | B．Sympathy. | C．Platform. | D．Boundary. |
| A．Language barriers. | B．Positioning of ruins. |
| C．High latitude. | D．Damp weather. |
| A．The future of the China-Mexico cooperation. |
| B．The benefits of speaking a different language. |
| C．The importance of the exchange of cultural knowledge. |
| D．The increasing sisterhood in culture between China and Mexico. |
