1 . Researchers in Norway say they have found what they believe is the world’s oldest runestone (符文石)—a stone with ancient writing on it.
Runes are the characters in several Germanic letters. These characters were used in northern Europe from ancient times until the change to the Latin letters. The origin of runic writing is unclear. The Norwegian researchers say the writing on the runestone could be up to 2,000 years old.
The runestone is square and flat. The runes carved into it may show the earliest example of recorded words in Scandinavia, the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo said. It said it was “among the oldest runic writings ever found” and “the oldest runestone ever found in the world”.
Kristel Zilmer is a professor at University of Oslo, of which the museum is part. Zilmer said, “This find will give us a lot of knowledge about the use of runes in the early Iron Age. This may be one of the first attempts to use runes in Norway and Scandinavia on stone.”
Runes have been found on stones and on home goods. Older runes have been found on other objects, also, but not on stones. The oldest known runic writing is on a hair tool made from bone. Zilmer said that the ancient writer might have used a knife or needle to make the runes.
Measuring 31 centimeters by 32 centimeters, the stone has several kinds of writings. Not all of them make sense. Eight runes on the front of the stone read “idiberug”—which could be the name of a person or family but not sure.
There is still a lot of research to be done on the rock, named Svingerud stone after where it was found.
The Museum of Cultural History is going to hold a public showing of the runestone for a month. The museum holds Norway’s largest collection of historical objects, from ancient times to the modern day.
1. Where have the oldest runes been found?A.On a bone. | B.On a stone. | C.On the iron. | D.On home goods. |
A.The content on it. | B.The person who found it. |
C.The place where it was discovered. | D.The date when it was found. |
A.The origin of the runes. | B.The shape and size of the runestone. |
C.The meaning of all the runes. | D.The exact age of the runestone. |
A.Origin of Latin Has Been Discovered |
B.Runestones Show Life of Ancient People |
C.Stone with Ancient Writing on It Is on Show |
D.Researchers Discover World’s Oldest Runestone |
2 . A small group of paleontologists (古生物学家) recently discovered 10 species of ancient mammals previously unknown to science with the help of an enormous number of helpers at their dig site: ants.
The study of ancient mammals sheds new light on the diversity of mammals that existed in North America around 33 million to 35 million years ago, when the climate was changing drastically. It also pays attention to the harvester ants, with which re-searchers have long had a love-hate relationship. “The ants are not fantastic when they’re biting you,” said Samantha Hopkins, a professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon. “But I’ve got to appreciate them because they make my job a whole lot easier.”
Most species of harvester ants live in caves that sit beneath a small hill of dirt. They strengthen the dirt by cowering it with bits of rock and other tough materials. The ants have been known to travel over a hundred feet from their caves and to dig six feet deep in pursuit of materials that help secure their caves. The materials include fossils. Harvester ants can carry materials 10 times to 50 times the weight of their body, although they do not weigh very much, so the heaviest fossil they can collect weighs less than the average pill.
Given the size, harvester ant hills are hot spots for what scientists call fossils, which are animal fossils too small to see with-out a microscope. For over a century, scientists like Dr. Hopkins have found sediment (沉积物) off the sides of harvester ant hills in search of these fossils, making it easier to find large numbers of fossilized mammal teeth without spending hours in the field sifting through sand and dirt.
1. What is the purpose of the passage?A.To compare two different species. |
B.To provide evidence for discoveries. |
C.To introduce a kind of ant as a helper. |
D.To promote awareness of mammal protection. |
A.Climate change. | B.Ant numbers. |
C.Cave materials. | D.Dirt locations. |
A.beside. | B.besides. | C.upper. | D.below. |
A.Their caves are miles deep. |
B.Materials with fossils are their food. |
C.They can carry pills around. |
D.Fossils may be found around their hills. |
3 . A large conch (海螺) shell brought little attention in a French museum for many years, but it is now quickly gaining attention. The shell is thought to be the oldest known seashell instrument. And it still works, producing a deep sound, like a horn from the distant past.
The shell was found during the exploration of a cave with prehistoric walk paintings in the Pyrenees Mountains in France. It was believed to be a drinking cup for ceremony. Scientists from the University of Toulouse recently took a fresh look at the conch shell. They now believe it was to serve as a wind instrument. They also invited a French horn player to play it.
“Hearing it for the first time, for me it was a big emotion and caused some worry.” Said archaeology researcher Carole Fritz She feared that playing the 31-centimeter-long shell might damage it, but it did not. The shell produced clear musical notes in C, C sharp and D. The researchers estimate it to be about 18,000 years old.
Conch shells have been used widely in musical and ceremonial traditions, including in ancient Peru, Japan and India. The shell instrument found in the Marsoulas cave is now the oldest known example. Earlier, Gilles Tosello, another archaeologist in Toulouse, said a conch shell instrument found in Syria was estimated to be about 6,000 years old.
The latest discovery was made after a recent inventory (盘货) at the Natural History Museum of Toulouse. The researchers noticed some unusual holes in the shell. Especially important is that the end of the shell was broken off. That created a hole large enough to blow through. Careful examinations with a microscope showed that the opening was made by humans.
Using a model of the shell, the archaeologists plan to continue studying the horn’s sounds. Tosello hoped to hear the ancient instrument played inside the cave where it was found. He said it was wonderful when an object was forgotten somewhere and suddenly it came again into the light.
1. In what case was the conch shell found?A.On an exhibition in a French museum. | B.In a research on prehistoric wall paintings. |
C.During the exploration of a cave in mountains. | D.In the observation of a ceremonial drinking cup. |
A.To produce a deep sound. | B.To make it look more beautiful. |
C.To create a hole to blow through. | D.To show it was unusual in design. |
A.It gained attention as soon as it was discovered. |
B.It could produce several unclear musical notes. |
C.It was played by a French horn player and damage. |
D.It was about 12,000 years older than the one found in Syria. |
A.The oldest instrument can still be played | B.A research focuses on old shell instruments |
C.A conch shell serves as a musical instrument | D.An ancient instrument comes into the light again |
4 . A seven-word sentence was discovered on a 3,700-year-old comb (梳子),which is likely the oldest known sentence written in letters,according to a new study. The sentence is in Canaanite (迦南语),which is the source (来源) of later letter systems in European languages.
The comb was first discovered in 2016 in Israeli. However,it wasn’t until 2021 that a researcher from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem first noticed the words when checking the photo of the comb. The researchers were not able to directly date the comb. They believed it dated from around 1700 BC based on comparison of the letters with those on pottery (陶器) with a known age.
Garfinkel,a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,said,“The Canaanites invented the letters. Nowadays every person in the world can read and write using the letter system. This is really one of the most important achievements of humankind. When you are writing in English,you’re really using Canaanite.”
Small groups of Canaanite letters discovered on broken pieces of pottery before did not leave much room for further research on the lives of the Canaanites. But this find of a sentence written in the first letter-based language opens up the debate about the history during the ancient time period.
Garfinkel said,“The sentence was found on an ivory comb in the ancient city’s palace and temple area,which could suggest that only wealthy men were able to read and write.” The earliest writing system started around 5,000 years ago,which relied on hundreds of pictographs (象形文字) to represent words,ideas and sounds. Canaanites were the first to use letters in their writing system. “It shows that even in the most ancient times there were full sentences,which further suggests that Canaanites stood out among the early civilizations in their use of the written word.”
1. What do we know about Canaanite?A.It has a history of 3,700 years. | B.It is the oldest known language. |
C.Its sentences are in many languages. | D.Its letters are still in use at present. |
A.It was discovered on some pottery. | B.It was identified on a comb in 2016. |
C.It was recognized when dating the comb. | D.It was recognized on a photo of the comb. |
A.The influence of Canaanite letters. |
B.The rules of using Canaanite letters. |
C.The problem in identifying the Canaanite sentence. |
D.The explanation of the discovered Canaanite sentence. |
A.Useless. | B.Meaningful. | C.Confusing. | D.Unacceptable. |
URUMQI-After packing some naan bread and
It’s a round trip of around 150 kilometers and
Shan and his wife, Yuan Qin, are responsible for protecting one particular relic site that
Their relic protection routine usually includes walking around the site to look for footprints and motorcycle tracks, keeping records of the tombs,
A great number of artifacts from eight tombs
Six Eastern Han Dynasty tombs are brick tombs, three of
It is also the first time that archaeologists
“This excavation(挖掘)is
The remains of an incomplete gold mask was among the 3,000-year-old items found at Sanxingdui, an archaeological site in Guanghan, Sichuan Province.
A large number of ancient artifacts
Items found at the site have helped scientists learn more about Sanxingdui and
8 . In 1823, a young woman noticed a strange fossil (化石) on a beach near Lyme Regis, England. She dug out the bones and had them carried to her home.She carefully arranged the skeleton(骨架) on a table. Then she saw something extraordinary. The creature’s neck was a meter long-more than half the length of its body. It was unlike any animal living on Earth.
Even at a young age, Mary Anning had a talent for spotting unusual fossils. Her father died in 1810, leaving her family in.debt, so Mary began selling her fossils to collectors. At 12, she made her first major discovery—a crocodile-like skull(头骨) with a long skeleton. It turned out to be a sea creature that lived long ago. Named ichthyosaur, or “fish-lizard”, it was the first extinct animal known to science.
Fossil hunting brought in money, but it was a dangerous job. One day, a rock fall killed her dog and almost buried Mary. Despite the dangers, she continued to look for mew finds The long-necked fossil she unearthed in 1823 was another long-dead sea reptile(爬行动物). Known as a plesiosaur, it would inspire legends—including that of the Loch Ness Monster.
Mary was not only a skilled fossil hunter; she also carefully examined and recorded her finds. However, she wasn’t widely recognized in the scientific community. Only one of her scientific writings got published in her lifetime, in 1839. She was also not allowed to join London’s Geological Society, as membership was only available to men.
Mary Anning died in 1847, but her contributions have not been forgotten. Her finds are now displayed in museums in London and Paris. The beach near her home is a UNFSCO World Heritage Site, known as the Jurassic Coast. Her life continues to inspire visitors hoping to find their own fossil wonders. According to Britain’s Natural History Museum, Mary Anning was “the greatest fossil hunter the world has ever known”.
1. The first paragraph is written to_________.A.stress the hard work Mary Anning carried out |
B.prove the uniqueness of Mary Anning;s finds |
C.introduce the readers to Mary Anning;s story |
D.show the importance of Mary Anning;s discovery |
A.Her main purpose was to make scientific contributions. |
B.She found it hard to make ends meet as a fossil hunter. |
C.She made her first major discovery in 1823. |
D.She had a narrow escape from a rock fall. |
A.Mary Anning deserved more credit. |
B.More people should join in fossil hunting. |
C.The Jurassic Coast is in need of protection. |
D.Mary Anning is the greatest scientist in the world. |
A.By providing examples. |
B.By making comparisons. |
C.By following the order of time. |
D.By following the order of importance. |
9 . Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans, after research showed that a famous skull of a human ancestor found in South Africa is a million years older than experts thought. This discovery has changed what we know of human history.
The skull, which scientists have named “Mrs Ples”, is from an ape-like human relative from a species called Australopithecus africanus (南方古猿). It was found near Johannesburg in 1947 and, based on evidence from its surroundings, was thought to be between 2. 1 and 2. 6 million years old. This puzzled scientists, because although Mrs Ples looks like a possible early ancestor of early humans, the first true humans had already evolved by the time she apparently lived. For this reason, scientists had decided that Australopithecus afarensis, a similar species from East Africa that lived about 3.5 million years ago, was our most likely ancestor instead.
To get a more accurate age for Mrs Ples, a team led by Professor Darryl Granger of Purdue University in Indiana, US, used a new method to date the sandy rocks where the skull lay. They measured the amount of certain chemicals in rocks, which form at a steady rate when they are exposed to cosmic rays (宇宙射线) on Earth’s surface. Once rocks are buried, these chemicals stop forming and slowly disappear;the surviving amount reveals how much time has passed since the rock (or bones) were on the surface.
The new study shows that Mrs Ples and other australopithecine bones nearby are between 3.4 and 3.7 million years old. This means they lived at the same time as their East African relatives, so that either group could have given rise to modern humans. However, team member Dr Laurent Bruxelles pointed out that over millions of years, at only 2,500 miles away, these groups had plenty of time to travel and to breed with each other. In other words, the groups could quite easily have met, had children together and both been part of the history of modern humans.
1. What can we learn about Mrs Ples from the first two paragraphs?A.It is a skull found in East Africa. |
B.It is the most possible ancestor of humans. |
C.It is a million years older than scientists expected. |
D.It is proved to live between 2.1 and 2.6 million years ago. |
A.By studying the effect of cosmic rays. |
B.By calculating the forming rate of chemicals. |
C.By locating the sandy rocks where the skull lay. |
D.By measuring the surviving amount of chemicals. |
A.Modern humans came into being in East Africa. |
B.Mrs Ples travelled and had children with East African relatives. |
C.The history of modern humans might begin 3.5 million years ago. |
D.Ape-like species from Africa could have interacted with each other. |
A.Historical Puzzle Unsolved | B.Ancestor Mystery Solved |
C.Mrs Ples: The Earliest Human Being | D.Mrs Ples: A Famous Skull |
10 . People all around the world have enjoyed noodles for thousands of years.
Archaeologists discovered an upside-down clay bowl in the ruins of an ancient Chinese village.
Some people claim that Marco Polo brought pasta to Italy. The tale says that when he visited China, he tried noodles for the first time and liked them so much that he took the recipe home.
So who REALLY invented noodles? We may never know—the history of noodles is as twisted as a bowl of spaghetti. But whoever invented them, we’re sure glad they did!
A.Who made the very first noodle? |
B.But it is probably not true! |
C.Who planted wheat first? |
D.They were tasty, easy to carry, and never went bad. |
E.When they lifted it, they found a 4,000-year-old noodle. |
F.However, dried noodles have many disadvantages |
G.So, if Marco Polo did not bring noodles to Italy, who did? |