1 . [1] It has been said that the English and the Americans are two great people separated by one language. Among these differences, how space is treated always goes unnoticed.

[2] The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least part of a room. American women who want to be alone can go to the bedroom and close the door. The closed door is the sign meaning “Do not disturb” or “ I’ m angry.”   An American is available if his door is open at home or at his office. He is expected not to shut himself off but to maintain himself in a state of constant readiness to answer the demands of others.

[3] …?

[4] The contrasting English and American patterns have some remarkable implications, particularly if we assume that man, like other animals, has a built-in need to shut himself off from others from time to time. An English student told me what happened when hidden patterns conflicted. He was quite obviously experiencing strain(压力) in his relationships with Americans. Nothing seemed to go right and it was quite clear from his remarks that we did not know how to behave. An analysis of his complaints showed that a major source of irritation(恼怒) was that no American seemed to be able to pick up the subtle clues that there were times when he didn’t want his thoughts interrupted. As he stated it, “I’m walking around the apartment and it seems that whenever I want to be alone my roommate starts talking to me. Pretty soon he’s asking “What’s the matter?” and wants to know if I’m angry. By then I am angry and say something.”

[5] Now the picture seems quite clear. When the American wants to be alone he goes into a room and shuts the door--- he depends on spatial features for screening. For an American to refuse to talk to someone else present in the same room, to give them the “silent treatment,” is the eventual form of rejection and a sure sign of great displeasure. The English, on the other hand, lacking rooms of their own since childhood, never developed the practice of using space as a refuge from others. They have in fact internalized(内化) a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize. Therefore, the more the Englishman shuts himself off when he is with an American, the more likely the American is to break in to assure himself that all is well. Tension lasts until the two get to know each other. The important point is that the spatial and spatial needs of each are not the same at all.

1. What will the paragraph 3 (which is omitted in the paper) more probably talk about?

A．The conditions of the English with regard to their understanding of space.

B．The response of the Americans to some unexpected demands of others.

C．The reaction of working class and upper class Americans to space.

D．The illustration of the living environment of upper-and middle-class Englishman.

2. The author mentions an English student in paragraph 4 in order to _______.

A．prove humans are born with the need to keep themselves to themselves sometimes

B．demonstrate the contrasting features of the American and British problems in conflict

C．analyze why the British tend to be left alone without his thoughts being interrupted

D．stress the importance of reading delicate clues in communication with foreigners

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The Americans’ failure to recognize the English’s need for space may cause the conflict.

B．The English prefer to tell those around not to disturb them when they are in low spirits.

C．The Americans are more willing to socialize with others in the workplace than the English.

D．The Americans will not refuse to talk to others unless they are in intense annoyance.

4. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A．The difference between the English and the Americans in space lies in their use of English.

B．The English and the Americans have been adapted quite differently with regard to space.

C．The Americans have different concepts of space because they tend to enjoy more space.

D．The English prefer to pour their inner thoughts to others when they are in great trouble.

2 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

The meaning of silence varies among cultural group. Silence may be     1    , or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every     2     with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of     3     among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these culture is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be     4     is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for     5    .

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with     6         among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show     7     between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the     8     meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not     9       too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing     10    of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

3 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.

Special Days Around the World

Teacher’s Day

    1     people in many countries celebrate World Teachers’ Day on 5^th October, in Argentina it is on 11^th September— the anniversary of the death of former president, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in 1888.    2     Samiento believed passionately in was the importance of education: he wrote ‘Schools are the very basis of civilization’. Children traditionally write poems for their teachers and give them an apple, make a cake or buy flowers. In Vietnam, Educators’ Day is in November. Many students visit their former teachers in their homes     3     (give) them presents, or give news about themselves. And at some schools in India, senior students become teachers, and teachers become students for the day!

World Book Day

In many countries, Book Day     4     (fall) on 23^rd April every year. It originated in Catalonia in 1923 when booksellers decided to honour the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes who died on that day in 1616. In 1995, World Book Day became an international event,    5     (celebrate) reading and books. People exchange presents—usually a book and a rose. There are also events such as writing competitions, and in Madrid there is a public reading of Cervantes’s greatest work— Don Quijote —    6     lasts 48 hours! In the UK and Ireland, all schoolchildren receive a £1 book token（礼品券）, and many children now dress up as     7    favourite character from fiction!

Respect for the Aged Day

Grandparents’ Day is popular in many countries, but in Japan— a country where nearly 30 percent of the population are over 60 —older people    8     (treat) with special respect. The third Monday of September is ‘Respect for the Aged Day’, which became a national holiday in 1966. Everyone has a day     9     school or work and people organize celebrations for the older people of the village or community where they live. Young people dress up in traditional clothes. They sing and dance and there will be a meal specially     10    (prepare) for the older people. Nowadays, people also visit relatives and the older people in their families, for a three-day weekend.

4 . When you’re abroad, trying to find out who to tip is never straightforward and neither is trying to work out the exact number. To make things even more complicated, the rules for tipping vary greatly from country to country. Also, within each country the rules can change, so what was appropriate last time you visited your favourite country may be completely inappropriate the next time you go. However, here are some general guidelines which might help you on your journeys.

You face your first dilemma as soon as you land at the airport— the taxi ride. Taxi drivers generally do expect tips, but rather than there being an exact amount, people round up the fare or just tell the driver to keep the change.

Your next encounter is with the hotel porter and you know he’s expecting a tip, but the problem is trying to figure out how much. It seems that in many countries round the world $1 per bag would be an appropriate amount.

Then, of course, you have to eat. In some countries such Ireland, Brazil, Poland and Portugal, the customary tip in restaurants is 10-15% unless a service charge is included, so the first rule of thumb is always check the bill. In other countries such as France, Italy, Germany, Australia and Spain, where a 10-15% service charge is either very common or compulsory, you may want to leave an additional tip if you think the service was particularly good, but it certainly isn’t obligatory. However, in some countries it may seem strange if you do leave a tip. In Japan, for example, the waitress might be insulted if you tipped her. In Thailand, if you left a tip, the restaurant staff probably wouldn’t be offended, but you might be pursued down the street by someone thinking you’d forgotten to take your change. In New Zealand, although it’s unlikely anyone would chase after you, you’d definitely get some odd looks if you left a tip.

And your problem with tipping isn’t over when you leave the restaurant. Next you discover the tour guide, the hairdresser and the toilet attendant are all expecting a tip as well, but again, how much? Perhaps the best option in these cases is to ask the local people what is acceptable or observe what others do. Of course, you could simply play safe and tip everyone you meet.

1. The word “dilemma” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _____________.

A．a difficult situation	B．an early opportunity
C．a high expectation	D．an exact explanation

2. What does the writer suggest tourists do in countries like Brazil?

A．Never tip waiters or waitresses because they may be offended.

B．Play safe and leave a tip about 12% of the bill after each meal.

C．Make sure whether a service charge is included in the bill before giving tips.

D．Always check whether you have kept all your change before leaving the restaurant.

3. People needn’t tip waiters in _____________.

A．Ireland and France	B．Germany and Japan
C．Poland and Italy	D．Thailand and New Zealand

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．Advantages of tipping.	B．Rules of tipping.
C．Possible origins of tipping.	D．Different opinions on tipping.