1 . Stories about the problems of tourism have been numerous in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile (脆弱的) environments and their local cultures can be ______. Indeed, as has happened with some Alpine villages，it can even be a(n) ______ for refreshing local cultures. And a growing number of adventure tourism ______ are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on combining tourism more effectively with the local ______. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays-d’Enhaut resulted in ______ being imposed on their growth. There has also been a new interest in cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a ______ source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by ______ companies, who employ temporary workers and send most of the profits back to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits increase ______. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the lands and watch local musicians and dancers.

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed ______ strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their towns and reservations to ______ high-quality handicrafts and artwork. Some have established highly profitable stoneware businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly ______ with jewelry.

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has spread through their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the ______ to the imbalance because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. ______, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to ______ their needs and desires with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are ______ that, with firm combined decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the normal status, rather than the exception.