1 . Fire has always been part of California’s landscape. But long before the disastrous forest fires of recent years, native American tribes（部落）held controlled burns each year. Those burns cleared out underbrush and encouraged new plant growth. Now, government officials have realized tackling the fire problem will mean bringing back “good fire”, much like California’s tribes once did.

When western settlers removed tribes from their land and banned tribal ceremonies, cultural burning disappeared. Instead, authorities focused on quickly putting out wildfires.

But what the authorities did only made California’s wildfire risk worse. Without regular burns, the landscape grew thick with plants that dry out every summer. These dry plants are kindling（引火物）for the fires that have recently destroyed California communities. Climate change and warming temperatures make those landscapes even easier to catch fire.

So, tribal leaders and government officials are forming new partnerships. There are hundreds of thousands of acres that need careful burning to reduce the risk of extreme wildfires. Tribes are eager to gain access to those ancestral lands to restore traditional burning. Before 1800, the tribes used low-grade fires to shape the landscape, encouraging certain plants to grow both for tribal use and to attract game.

The arrival of western settlers dramatically changed the ways of fire management. “They came with their concepts of being afraid of fire,” a tribal leader says. “They didn’t understand fire in the sense of a tool. And they didn’t understand its role to help generate the land. So they brought suppression（压制）”.

Tribal leaders have been reaching out to ecologists, researchers and fire agencies about the importance of their knowledge. In Northern California, the Karuk and Yurok tribes have partnered with the Forest Service to manage land for traditional values and wildfire management.

1. What have government officials realized about the native tribes?

A．The tribes’ old practice is useful.

B．The tribes are causing more forest fires.

C．It’s impossible to prevent the tribes burning forests.

D．It’s necessary to remove the tribes from where they live.

2. What is the way western settlers deal with forest fires?

A．Fire suppression.	B．Reshaping land.
C．Cultural burning.	D．Removing kindling.

3. What do the tribes think of fire?

A．They think it threatening.	B．They consider it as natural.
C．They think it can be beneficial.	D．They consider it harmful to the land.

4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．Western Settlers Brought Wrong Ideas of Fire Control

B．Wildfires Are Becoming Increasingly Serious in California

C．Native American Tribes Restore Their Traditional Ceremonies

D．California Looks to What Tribes Have Known to Manage Wildfires

3 . 阅读下列短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词，或括号内单词的正确形式。

Chinese lawmakers have voted (投票) to pass a new law on wetlands protection, establishing the country’s first specialized law on the issue. Yang Zhaoxia,    1    ecology expert, said the significance of the new law is that it strengthens the Chinese legal system in the area of ecology, where there were some weaknesses.    2     is important that governments should protect wetlands through various campaigns. Education authorities and schools are also asked    3    (raise) students’ awareness of wetlands protection.

4 . For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published inTrends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance beak (喙) size has increased by between 4% and 10%since 1871. Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats growing bigger ears, tails, legs and wings.

All that fits nicely with evolutionary (进化的) theory. “Allen’s rule”, named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附加物) than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to get rid of additional heal. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.

Ryding’s team combined data from different species in different places. Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.

Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. That may change as warming accelerates. Every little bit of avoided future temperature increases results in less warming that would otherwise stay for essentially forever.

1. Why do some species grow bigger parts of their body?

A．They are following the new trends.

B．They have to adapt to warmer climate.

C．Scientists need them to do experiments.

D．Larger parts tend to help them feed well.

2. Where may warm-blooded animals have bigger body parts?

A．In mild areas.	B．In hot places.
C．In the Arctic.	D．In deserted regions.

3. What do we know about the change in animals from the last two paragraphs?

A．It comes at a cost.

B．Its cause is definite.

C．It happens in the same habitat.

D．Its process will end soon.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Living on a Warming Planet

B．Measures to Remove Heat

C．Pioneering Research on Animals

D．Evolution to Survive Heat

5 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In the far north of Sweden is Sarek National Park, a beautiful and wild place. For many years, few people have ever seen Sarek apart from the Sami, the local residents of the park. Most of them used to look after reindeer     1     live off them. In 1909, Sarek was made a national park to keep     2    （it）natural state. Only the Sami     3    （allow）to live there and continue their traditional way of living, and all new development is banned     4     the park boundaries. Admiring the superb scenery at the mountain edge, I feel so     5    （bless）to be alive.

6 . Puppies can be taught. So can human children, though not for the first couple of years. Now, in the hope of fighting climate change, Dr Jan Langbein, of the Fredrich-Loweffler-Institut in Germany, and his colleagues hope they can train cows to use the toilet, too.

Cow pee（尿）contains a nitrogen-rich substance that, when broken down by enzymes（酶）, is transformed into ammonia（氨）. Bacteria in the soil, in turn, transform that ammonia into nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas. Collecting and treating cow pee before the ammonia can be produced might, therefore, seem like a good idea. But it has proved difficult in the past without limiting the cows to small areas, which is bad for their welfare.

As Dr Langbein describes in Current Biology, this confusing problem could be solved if cows could be persuaded to voluntarily relieve themselves in a toilet. He has developed a three-stage process to help cows master toilet training. The first job was to establish the toilet. Calves（小牛）were limited to a toilet and rewarded with treats after peeing in it. Next, they were given the freedom to wander around a path outside the toilet. Peeing in the toilet were rewarded; those in the path were gently punished with a spray of water. Finally, the path was extended, to allow the animals to practice self-control over a greater distance.

Of the 16 calves involved in the training process, 11 were considered successfully toilet-trained by the end of it. Their overall performance, say the researchers, was almost comparable to that of human children. The animals managed to pee in the toilet around 77% of the time.

The next step, says Dr Langbein, is to see if cattle on a working farm can be similarly trained. Whether farmers will be keen is another question. Building toilets and training animals costs time and money, after all. But when it comes to climate change, every little helps.

1. Why did Dr Jan Langbein and his team train cows to use toilet?

A．To make use of cow pee.	B．To keep the environment clean.
C．To reduce greenhouse gas.	D．To limit the cows to small areas.

2. What was the effective way to improve the cows' performance?

A．Using rewards and punishments.	B．Forcing them to use the toilet.
C．Making the toilet-training interesting.	D．Keeping them from wandering around.

3. What do we know about the result of the toilet-training from Paragraph 4?

A．It was successful.	B．It was doubtful.
C．The training proved difficult.	D．Calves were as smart as human children.

4. What's the main purpose of the passage?

A．To encourage people to train their pets.	B．To explain an abstract science concept.
C．To raise awareness of caring for animals.	D．To introduce a new eco-friendly method.

7 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

It was already 8 o'clock one evening in June, Mary was hurrying their cow through the dark forest towards home. She’d never before been alone in the forest as late as this. But other than being worried her grandmother would be angry with her for being late, she wasn’t afraid at all. She was always attracted to nature. The air was soft and sweet. Mary felt as if she were a part of the gray shadows and the silver leaves that moved in the evening breeze (微风).

As they walked, Mary began thinking how to make more money. The roof of the farmhouse required a repair. Grandma needed a back-check. All these cost money.

Suddenly the air was cut by a sharp gunshot nearby. A young man carrying a gun walked out of the bush. “Hello, little girl,” he called out. “I’ve been hunting for birds,” he explained, “but I’ve lost my way. Do you think I can spend the night at your house?” Mary led the stranger to their farmhouse, where Mary’s grandmother welcomed him.

After eating, the young man introduced himself as a bird collector. “I have over 100 different kinds of birds from all over the country. I shoot them and stuff them with special chemicals to preserve them,” he said.

“Mary knows a lot about birds, too,”her grandmother said proudly. “She knows the forest so well; the wild animals come and eat bread right out of her hands.”

“Ha!Maybe she can help me then,” the young man said. “I saw a white heron (鹭) not far from here two days ago. I’ve been looking for the rare bird ever since. Have you seen it, too?” he asked Mary.

Mary’s heart began to beat fast. She knew that strange white bird! She’d seen it on the other side of the forest. The young man was staring at Mary. “I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.”

That night Mary’s dreams were full of all the wonderful things she and her grandmother could from buy for ten dollars.

注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Mary set out for the forest very early the next morning alone.

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After a struggle in her mind, she made a new decision and went home.

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8 . 阅读下面材料, 在空白处填人适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

For most Americans, plastic bags are a necessary part of any     1     (shop) trip. Many of us give little     2     (think) to the bags’ impact on the environment. But plastic bags which end up in oceans and on beaches are     3     (harm) to fish, birds, and other wildlife. Since last year, several     4     (city) around the U. S.     5     (ban) single-use plastic bags. By the end     6     this year, New York City will decide whether to ban plastic bags, tax them, or find another way to limit their use. Those     7     support a bag tax say it encourages people     8     (bring) reusable bags and cut down on waste.     9    , experts argue that taxing the use of plastic bags puts     10     (fair) stress on low-income families.

9 . Carbon Footprint: Definition & Facts

You know you leave a footprint when you walk around with wet foot.     1     This lesson will teach you what a carbon footprint is, what causes carbon footprints, and what you can do to reduce your carbon footprint.

What is a carbon footprint?

    2     Most scientists believe that carbon dioxide and other gases like it are contributing to global warming or the slow climate change of our planet. Global warning causes lots of problems for animals and people.

    3    

Electricity

People use electricity in their homes to turn on lights, plug in(接通电源)kitchen appliances like a microwave, and even watch TV or play video games. When you use electricity in your home, you are not creating carbon dioxide, but the power plants that create your electricity do emit carbon dioxide. Power plants that use coal for energy create the most carbon dioxide.

The Environmental protection Agency (EPA) says that electricity is responsible for the largest part of most carbon footprints.

Gas Heating

    4     Most homes use oil, natural gas, or electricity to heat their home in the winter, and all of theses sources create carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide that each family uses depends on how high they run the heat and what kind of fuel they use.

Cars

Cars are another thing that contributes to your carbon footprint.     5     Other forms of transportation, like buses, trains, and planes, also increase a carbon footprint.

A．Causes of carbon footprint.

B．But what is a carbon footprint?

C．Ways to reduce your carbon footprint.

D．The car you use would lead to climate change.

E．This happens because the gas that your car uses to run produces carbon dioxide.

F．The EPA says that gas heating is the second largest source of carbon dioxide emission.

G．Every time you use a fossil fuel, like coal or gas, you create a gas called carbon dioxide.