1 . John F. Kennedy said, “We’re tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea, whether it is to sail or to watch — we’re going back from whence we came.” This quote is more poignant than you might think. We are inevitably linked to the ocean: All life on Earth originates from its depths — and it is crucial for our future, too.

Covering about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, the ocean is instrumental in the processes that keep us alive. Whilst the rainforests may be referred to as “the lungs of the planet,” it is actually the ocean that provides 50 to 80 percent of the oxygen we breathe. Through a “conveyor belt” action, it helps regulate Earth’s climate by transporting heat away from the equator (赤道), towards the poles to cool. The ocean also proves itself essential in the fight against climate change. It absorbs 50 times more carbon dioxide (CO2) than our atmosphere — or rather, it is not the ocean itself…but what lives within it.

Many forms of aquatic life naturally absorb and hold carbon. From microscopic phytoplankton (浮游生物) to gigantic whales, life of all shapes and sizes play a part in feeding these carbon sinks (areas that absorb more CO2 than they release). Perhaps one of the most incredible forms is the humble seagrass.

Across the globe, there are more than 70 different species of seagrass. It grows in the vast underwater meadows of 159 countries on six continents, covering 300,000 square kilometers — barely occupying 0.2 percent of the seafloor. This is where the super seagrass comes into its own: It absorbs ten percent of the ocean’s carbon each year and captures carbon up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests.

Seagrass constructs its leaves and roots through the use of carbon, which it gains from water through the process of photosynthesis (光合作用) — and it holds on to this carbon even after its death. Dead plant material slowly decomposes on the ocean floor, which means that the carbon stored within it ends up getting buried under the seabed.

It is ironic that such an effective natural solution to climate change is itself under threat from climate change, as temperatures rise and more violent storms destroy seagrass beds. Pollution, the long-term development of coastlines, and unregulated fishing have all played additional roles in its decline.

Experts say that reversing the decline of seagrass will take an international effort. Fortunately, restoration missions are already underway. The Ocean Conservation Trust, for example, has opened a seagrass cultivation lab. Here, seagrass is grown in batches, using seed-bearing shoots that have been hand-picked by divers. In April 2021, 2,200 bags of these seedlings were planted on the seabed of Plymouth Sound, England. They are expected to flourish into a meadow the size of six football pitches.

Could seagrass be one of the Earth’s great survivors that will end up saving us all? As with most things, only time will tell.

1. What does the underlined word “instrumental” in the second paragraph mean?

A．important

B．alarming

C．consequential

D．mechanical

2. Which of the following statements shows the role seagrass plays in absorbing carbon after its death?

A．The carbon is taken in through photosynthesis by seagrass’s roots and leaves.

B．The carbon gets buried together with the decomposed plant material.

C．The carbon is eaten by various forms of aquatic life that feed on the dead plants.

D．The remaining carbon is cultivated in an artificial lab to convert to seagrass.

3. What is the best title for the passage?

A．Paradise for Aquatic Life	B．Ocean is Under Threat
C．the Irreversible Climate Change	D．Kelp (海藻) Can Help

2 . Deep within the rain forests of Southeast Asia, a creature walks along a tree branch. Its two big, round eyes search the thick bush for food, with only the light of the moon to go by. This is a typical night for the endangered slow loris (懒猴).

These tiny, reddish-brown primates, only between 18 and 38 centimeters long, live in trees and only come out at night. During the day, they sleep rolled up in a ball, using their strong grip to hang on to branches and stay hidden from danger. To avoid the eyes of hungry predators, they don’t move a muscle until after sunset, when they begin their search for food.

Their diet consists mainly of insects, fruit, eggs, small birds, and tree sap, which they drink from cracks in the trees where they live. Slow lorises also love highly fermented nectar (发酵的花蜜). This nectar can contain up to 3.8 percent alcohol, which is a similar alcohol content to light beer!

Though you may think that these timid-looking little mammals are party animals, scientists have a better explanation for why they like a stiff drink with their lunch. The fermented sugars in the nectar have more calories than the unfermented kind, making them a better source of energy.

Slow lorises have the longest tongue in the primate family when you take body size into consideration. This tongue is used to lick sap from trees and also for protection. You may have seen videos that show slow lorises being tickled and the animals raising their arms up, seemingly enjoying the experience. The truth is, when a slow loris raises its arms, it is trying to defend itself by using its long tongue to lick a sweat gland (腺) under its arms. The gland produces a sticky liquid that becomes a dangerous poison when it’s mixed with the slow loris’s spit. This makes the innocent-looking slow loris the world’s only known venomous (有毒的) primate!

While it seems that the slow loris’s harmful bite would be used against predators, the animal actually saves its venom for other slow lorises, often to settle disputes over territory. For protection, they use their tongues to cover themselves and their babies in poison to scare away any potential predators.

Unfortunately, the slow loris’s defenses have failed to protect it from the greatest danger of all: people. The animal has the misfortune of being very popular in the exotic pet trade and is threatened by increasing habitat loss. This means that the amazing slow loris faces a very uncertain future.

1. Slow lorises are only active at night probably because ________.

A．the food they prefer is not available during the day

B．they are more likely to find food with the help of moonlight

C．they keep still during the day to hide from animals that eat them

D．they are driven off the tree branches by other sleeping animals at night

2. Which food is more effective in keeping the slow loris more energetic?

A．Fermented nectar.	B．Light beer.
C．Unfermented alcohol.	D．Live insects.

3. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Their long tongues make it more convenient for them to catch insects from trees.

B．They raise their arms up when being tickled to show their excitement.

C．The liquid produced by the gland under their arms is not poisonous unless mixed with their spit.

D．They will shy away from other slow lorises when facing disputes over territory.

4. What is the biggest threat to the slow lorises’ existence?

A．The declining level of the poison they produce.

B．The loss of their territory caused by invasive animals.

C．The increasing number of potential predators.

D．Their being traded as pets and the habitat loss caused by humans.

3 . Mary kept tossing and turning in her sleeping bag. It was late in the night. She had been a school counsellor in the summer camp for a year now. She took care of young children who were as young as seven. That night, she was having a bad dream. In it, she was running desperately towards a river. She kept shouting, “Fire!”

Mary was awake. She realized that she had been shouting in her sleep. Suddenly, she smelled smoke. Then she saw shadows dancing against the walls of the tent. Mary jumped up and hurried to the opening in the tent. A tree was on fire! Fanned by the wind, the fire leaped up hungrily to devour everything in its path. It was going to spread to the tents very soon.

Time was of essence so Mary pulled the four children instantly out of their sleeping bags. “Fire! Fire!” She yelled, as loudly as she could.” Wake up! Get up!” After that, Mary ran back to her tent and grabbed all the sleeping bags she could carry. By then, everyone had emerged from their tents. Their faces were etched with confusion. Mary took the youngest child by the hand. Knowing that the sleeping bags would be useful, Mary pulled them along. Everyone quickly but calmly followed her. They held on to each other, in solemn silence.

After they ran to the river, Mary pulled the children into the water. Then she got into it herself. She dragged the sleeping bags in. She pushed them under the water until they were soaked. Mary was not surprised that all the trees were on fire. It had been an extremely hot season and everything in the forest was dry. Soon, they saw many animals racing to the river. Deer, rabbits and squirrels splashed into it. By then, the fire roared. Mary and other adults grabbed the wet sleeping bags and pulled them over the children’s heads.

Everything around them was bright orange and the sleeping bags had to stay wet. They made a final effort to splash water over all the sleeping bags and hid under the water.

The heat and smoke finally ended. Mary raised her head and looked around. To her relief, all the children had escaped unhurt. People all called out, “You saved our lives.” Mary suddenly thought of the dream she had.

1. The underlined word devour is closest in meaning to ________.

A．brighten

B．destroy

C．evaluate

D．refuse

2. Why did Mary carry sleeping bags with her in the first place?

A．Because some children were still in the bags

B．Because these sleeping bags were expensive.

C．Because the bags could protect them against fire in the water.

D．Because bags could be used to put out the fire.

3. According to Mary, why did the fire spread so quickly?

A．Because someone set the fire.	B．Because there were no fire fighters.
C．Because it was rather try.	D．Because animals worsened the fire.

4 . Ten years ago, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan struck off the country’s eastern coast. The 9.0-magnitude quake and the tsunami it caused damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Then followed the worst nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

The disaster struck at a time of untested optimism surrounding nuclear-energy technologies and the part they might have been able to play in achieving a low-carbon future. It led to fresh concerns over the vulnerabilities of nuclear infrastructures, and the fallibility (易错性) of humans in operating such complex systems.

Many experts have cast nuclear power as an inevitable choice if the planet is to limit global warming. But, given the environmental and social concerns, others are more cautious, or remain opposed.

In our view, two crucial questions concerning the future of nuclear energy need to be asked. First, can and will the sector ever overcome public disapproval? Second, do its benefits outweigh risks and costs to people and the environment? To move forward, the nuclear industry must confront these questions.

Today, around 50 nuclear-power reactors are being constructed across 16 countries. China leads, with 16 plants under way, followed by India and South Korea. According to the World Nuclear Industry Status Report, as of the end of February 2021, 414 nuclear-powered reactors were running in 32 countries, contributing 10.3% of the world’s supply of electricity. Overall, nuclear energy is ticking along but struggling.

Much of the support for nuclear energy has focused almost entirely on its techno-economic characteristics, which has downplayed the unresolved moral and ethical concerns surrounding its usage. Supporters often fail to consider inequalities in how the benefits and risks of nuclear technologies are distributed on the local, regional and global scale.

Nearly three-quarters of all uranium (铀) production globally, for instance, comes from mines that are in or near local communities, for example in the United States and Australia. These mines, left untreated after use, have poisoned lands and people. Nuclear waste is similarly trapped in equity concerns, given that long- term repositories (贮存处) will probably be sited far from communities that have benefited from the production of nuclear electricity. The nuclear industry often presents the problem of waste storage as having known technical solutions. The reality of exactly where it should go, and how, is still highly debated.

1. Which of the following statements about Fukushima disaster is TRUE?

A．It happened when many were concerned that nuclear power plant might go wrong.

B．It rocked public strong confidence that nuclear power is the ideal alternative energy.

C．It struck mainly because those in charge were not skilled at operating the systems.

D．It demonstrated that nuclear technologies went untested before they were adopted.

2. The underlined phrase “ticking along” (Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to ________.

A．declining in use

B．growing explosively

C．making small progress

D．meeting strong resistance

3. The last paragraph is written mainly to show that ________.

A．nuclear energy may cause great damage to the global environment

B．countries worldwide bear potential risks of nuclear energy unequally

C．opinions differ greatly as to how to raise the safety of nuclear industry

D．technical solutions are the key to the problem of nuclear waste storage

4. What is the author’s attitude towards nuclear energy?

A．Negative.

B．Objective.

C．Positive.

D．Prejudiced.

5 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

For ages word has been going around that the dog is man’s best friend. I agree. A dog can be handy as a night watchman around the house, as a pointer on a hunting trip, as a guardian and playmate for the children. But I think that having a dog for a pet is so expensive and annoying that I can do     1     such a friend.

Providing for the dog’s needs is so expensive that the animal should be an income tax deduction. There’s the medical bill for shots to keep the animal healthy. Unless it’s kept in the house 24 hours a day, a female must be given “preventive maintenance,” a ten-to twenty-dollar investment. Otherwise,     2     you know it, you’ll have more “income tax deductions” in your family. And dogs have to eat. Don’t think you can buy a case of Ken-L-Ration and be done with it. A dog can be as particular about food as a French expert. To feed even a Chihuahua, a very small Mexican dog, you’ll spend three to five dollars     3     week. If you own a big dog, you need a large dog-house. They’re expensive. A carpenter will build a luxurious model for about seventy-five dollars. For about thirty dollars’ worth of materials, a weekend’s work, and a smashed thumb, you can build a simple one     4     . And these are only the major costs.

A dog is so annoying that no one in his right mind would want to own one.     5     (consider) the dog owner blessed with a dog that fetches slippers, rubber toys, newspapers. Have you eased your bare feet into slippers bitten by dogs, seen a living room destroyed by a toy boxer, tried to read a newspaper chewed to wet pieces by an obedient Boston bull? And dogs make noise. Some huge dogs bark all night. But you aren’t the only one     6     (endure) sleepless nights; your neighbors let you know they didn’t sleep either. Policemen are frequent visitors to dog owners’ homes. They inquire about holes     7     (report) dug in neighbors’ flower beds, prize cats injured and bleeding, and pet chickens and ducks sent to their reward. Suspect: your dog! You deny everything, of course. Rex, you assure the officers, was asleep by the door. But you secretly suspect him, because you don’t really know where Rex was all week. And you remember     8     (wonder) why feathers were floating in his water bowl yesterday. Dogs are annoying. Neither a fire-breathing mother-in-law nor a talkative wife will prove more annoying to a man than a dog.

Dog lovers will, of course, claim my argument one-sided, even exaggerated. They might consider me as cruel as the Russians,     9     possibly attempting to solve their own canine crisis — shot Fido into orbit. But the fact remains: if our     10     (good) friends caused us the expense and annoyance our dog does, we’d soon encourage them to become astronauts.

6 . 近两年，国内刮起了一阵“宠物热”，有些人喜欢从猫舍或狗舍（breeders）那儿购买宠物，然而，另一些人认为应该用领养（adoption）代替购买，选择从动物收留所那儿领养宠物。
根据以上现象，思考自己认同哪一方？以“Getting a Pet：From Breeders or Shelters？”为题，写一篇120-150字的文章。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7 . As the arc of coronavirus misery rose in 2020, a hopeful development on another dangerous curve may have escaped your attention. The curve tracking the rise of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from energy use went totally flat in 2019, according to a report released in February by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Another international report found very slight growth in global emissions during the same time span, compared with prior years.

Either way, this flattening happened before COVID-19 temporarily hampered economic activity and carbon output. So, the promising CO₂ trend stems from other factors: plunging use of coal in many economies and gains in renewable energy, according to the IEA report. “We’re flattening the curve, which is the first step toward bending it downward,” says Michael Mann, a climate scientist at Penn State.

Pending final numbers, we’ll likely see actual reductions in CO₂ emissions in 2020, “partly but not entirely due to the pandemic,” Mann says. “Perhaps even more significantly, we know that the flattening of carbon emissions is tied to the transition away from fossil fuel burning and toward renewable energy.”

That’s a structural change, and the shift has been accelerating. Mann predicts the final emissions report for 2020 will show a drop of about 5 percent. But that won’t thwart dangerous climate impacts in our future. “The problem is that we need further reductions by the same amount, year after year, for the next decade and beyond,” he says. The goal is to keep Earth from warming an average of 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, which is projected to cause deadly heat waves, debilitating droughts and stronger storms. In fact, 2020 was on track to be one of the hottest years on record, according to Gavin Schmidt, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Also, despite this emissions curve flattening in 2019, and likely decreasing in 2020, the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere still reached a new high in 2020, and will continue to rise. Like a bathtub overflowing until the tap is shut off completely, CO₂ levels will not stop rising until emissions are driven down to zero—either that, or until emissions are drastically slowed while CO₂ is actually removed from the atmosphere.

Pieter Tans, a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, says he now sees “a golden opportunity to provide much-needed jobs by working on the energy transition.” To seize that opportunity, he says we must embrace this idea: “We humans are really in charge of, and responsible for, our own future, which includes the health of our planet.”

1. What do we learn about the current curve of CO₂?

A．It wasn’t until Covid19 hit the economy that the curve flattened.

B．The flattening of the curve was as hopeful as the rise of the arc of COVID-19.

C．The flat curve means that we’re one step closer to bringing down CO2 emissions.

D．People in the economic fields used less coal, which contributed to the flat curve.

2. What is the closest meaning of the underlined word thwart in paragraph 4?

A．prevent

B．shield

C．oppress

D．fuel

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．If carbon emissions drops by 5% year after year, there will be no natural disasters like heat waves, droughts and storms.

B．If we shut off the tap of the bathtub overflowing with water, the carbon emissions are likely to drop to zero.

C．To protect our planet is to protect our future, a notion commonly identified with by humans.

D．The pandemic is not all bad in that it actually serves as a critical time for humans to make energy transition.

4. What is the best title of the passage?

A．The development of the CO2 curve in human history

B．Pandemic, a golden chance for energy transition

C．A glimmer of hope for global emissions

D．Our determination to prevent CO2 emissions from rising

8 . Because of the politics and history of Africa, wild animals there, which are interested in finding food and water not in politics, are in trouble. In the past, there were no borders between African countries, and the animals could travel freely according to the season or the weather. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the continent was divided up into colonies and then into nations. Fences were put up along the borders, so the animals could no longer move about freely.

Some countries decided to protect their animals by creating national parks. Kruger National Park, created in South Africa in 1926, was one of the first. By the end of the twentieth century, it had become an important tourist attraction and a home for many kinds of animals. Among these, there were about 9,000 elephants, too many for the space in the park. It was not possible to let any elephants leave the park, however. They would be killed by hunters, or they might damage property or hurt people. South African park officials began to look for other solutions to the elephant problem.

As early as 1990, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique had begun talking about forming a new park together. In 1997, Zimbabwe agreed to add some of its land to the park. A new park would combine the Kruger National Park with parks in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. There would be no national border fences within the park, so that elephants and other animals from the crowded Kruger Park could move to areas of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. This new “transfrontier” park would cover 13,150 square miles (35,000 square kilometers). The idea of a transfrontier park interested several international agencies, which gave money and technical assistance to Mozambique to help build its part of the park.

In April 2001, the new park was opened, with new borders and a new name: The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. A border gate was opened between Kruger National Park and Mozambique, and seven elephants were allowed through. They were the first of 1,000 elephants that would be transferred to the world’s greatest animal park.

1. The passage begins with________.

A．a common sense	B．a fact
C．a mysteries event	D．a theory

2. Which of the following was a problem facing Kruger National Park?

A．It was not big enough to hold all its elephants.

B．A lot of hunters slipped in to hunt animals.

C．As the first national park in Africa, it was not well designed.

D．Too much tourism did great damage to it.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the new park?

A．It is divided into three parts by fences along borders.

B．It is built mainly for elephants rather than other animals.

C．It is located across the border of South Africa and Mozambique.

D．It is the result of a talk between Mozambique and some international agencies.

4. The passage talks mainly about________.

A．how international aid has functioned in Africa

B．how the Kruger National Park will save its elephants

C．how three African countries cooperated to make a new park

D．how many African animals have suffered because of natural disasters

9 . French adventurer-scientist Roland Bourdeix has a grand vision for how to preserve a thousand or more genetic varieties of coconut trees. Imagine, as he does, turning dozens or hundreds of remote Pacific islands into coconut sanctuaries. Each island would contain just a few varieties of these trees.

But why? Are coconut trees, the source of oil and newly trendy coconut water, somehow in danger?

Not exactly. At least not for now. There are plenty of coconut palms all over the tropics, and coconut production has been slowly growing. But that masks a potential long-term problem, says Stephan Weise, Deputy Director General for Research at Bioversity International in Rome. Most coconut production comes from a small part of the coconut’s gene pool (基因库). Producers rely on a handful of high-producing varieties or hybrids (杂交品种). Those commercial varieties are slowly overwhelming (压倒)traditional varieties that people in the tropics have grown thousands of years. Those are the storehouse of the coconut’s genetic diversity: All of the colors, shapes, tastes, and survival tools that this species possesses — and may need again someday.

Conserving (保护)such diversity in agricultural crops is a familiar problem, but the situation with coconuts is a little bit different, Weise says.

First of all, scientists can’t yet preserve a particular kind of coconuts in refrigerated “gene banks,” as they do with standard seeds. They can’t dry, freeze, and preserve coconuts for decades. Instead, coconuts have to be preserved as living trees, growing outside.

This leads to the second problem. Coconut varieties growing in the open air often won’t reproduce themselves successfully. Their flowers pick up pollen (花粉)from other trees nearby, which often turn out to be commercial varieties or hybrids. And when that happens, some genes may be lost altogether.

So what’s the secret to preserving these coconuts? For starters, scientists have set up a dozen open-air coconut gene banks. They’re reproducing each variety through careful hand-pollination of the trees. But Weise says that’s expensive and labor-intensive.

This brings us back to Roland Bourdeix’s crazy-sounding idea. The key to preserving coconut biodiversity more cheaply, he thinks, is isolation. And there’s no more isolated place than a lonely Pacific island. Just convince people on one of these islands to plant coconut trees from a single variety, and the problem is practically solved. He’s found several islands where the inhabitants are willing to help turn his vision into reality. One of them is well-known already: The Tetiaroa Atoll in French Polynesia, an idyllic retreat once owned by Marlon Brando.

1. Why is it important to preserve the traditional varieties of coconut?

A．The traditional varieties are more commercial.

B．They can help explain the history of people living in the tropics.

C．They contain genetic diversity.

D．It can help the tourism on remote Pacific islands.

2. How do scientists usually conserve agricultural crops?

A．They freeze them.	B．They hand-pollinate them.
C．They grow them out of labs.	D．They mix them with other breeds.

3. Why are Pacific islands ideal for the conservation of coconut trees?

A．They are owned by celebrities, which can help promote public awareness of the issue.

B．They are among the most isolated places in the world.

C．The inhabitants on the islands are innocent enough to be deceived.

D．The labor on those islands is cheaper.

4. The best title for the article can be _________.

A．A Crazy Gardener

B．Remote Islands for Preserving Coconut Genes

C．Advantages of Traditional Coconut Trees

D．Loss of Coconut Genes

10 . Brazil’s election offers hope for the rainforest

A presidential election in 2022 will offer a chance for Brazil’s government to reverse policies that have________to global climate change. The country is home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which has historically been an important carbon________. But a worrying study published in 2021 in Nature found that over the past decade it has________become a carbon source. The culprits: forest fires and deforestation, which has soared by more than 40% since President Jair Bolsonaro________in 2019.

On his watch, environmental enforcement and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged________logging, mining, and land-grabbing. In June the environment minister, Ricardo Salles, resigned after federal police began investigating him for alleged________in timber trafficking.

A greener president would try to crack down on such crimes. Polls________that Mr Bolsonaro is likely to lose the election. His successor could convince Germany and Norway to unfreeze the Amazon Fund, a pot of money for enforcement and________development that was withdrawn in 2019 amid concerns about Mr Bolsonaro’s policies. A new president could also revive talks with President Joe Biden, who has offered to________a $20bn fund for the rainforest once Brazil starts showing results.

But even an enlightened president will have to battle a________Congress, which is considering a number of laws that threaten the rainforest and its inhabitants. These include a land-regularisation bill nicknamed the “land-grabbing law” and a bill that would________wildcat mining on indigenous territories. In August thousands of indigenous people camped out in the capital as the supreme court debated a case that would restrict their territories to land that was________when a new constitution was passed in 1988. The court postponed its________, but Congress is considering a law that would have the________effect.

Better leadership in Brazil could jump-start regional efforts to boost enforcement and find sustainable________to deforestation for the rainforest’s inhabitants. But if Mr Bolsonaro wins again, his determination to fill the forest with roads, dams and mines could cause destruction far beyond the borders of Brazil.

1.

A．referred

B．contributed

C．amounted

D．related

2.

A．footprint

B．sink

C．source

D．emission

3.

A．indeed

B．instead

C．accidentally

D．otherwise

4.

A．stepped down

B．took office

C．claimed precedence

D．kept watch

5.

A．seasonal

B．selective

C．illegal

D．professional

6.

A．involvement

B．attachment

C．limitation

D．existence

7.

A．advise

B．advocate

C．suggest

D．represent

8.

A．sustainable

B．economic

C．rapid

D．rural

9.

A．claim

B．manage

C．create

D．borrow

10.

A．farmer-friendly

B．warm-blooded

C．pressure-free

D．profit-making

11.

A．realise

B．normalize

C．publicise

D．legalise

12.

A．sold

B．explored

C．cleared

D．occupied

13.

A．election

B．argument

C．appeal

D．decision

14.

A．main

B．varied

C．final

D．same

15.

A．replacements

B．transitions

C．alternatives

D．references