2 . 阅读下面小短文，根据上下文语境，选择合适的单词填入空白处，每个单词只使用一次，每个语篇有一个是多余的选项。

Mankind has been exploring space to find out the secret of the     1     and has     2     a lot of satellites into space, which can transmit     3     to scientists on earth. However, exploring space is dangerous and challenging. These disasters made everyone     4    , but the     5     to explore the universe never end.

Carbon Impact

De-carboning existing housing will require households to stop burning fossil fuels and wood to power and heat their homes. If the UK’s current energy demand could be     1     by renewable, carbon-free energy, then there would be no problem. However, the infrastructure (基础建设) is not yet in place to do so and will not be by 2050.

The smart solution is to reduce the energy demand of homes. This energy demand includes the energy needed to heat (or cool) a home and that required for a home to run, such as     2     appliances.

Architects can have a big impact on energy demand through improving the performance of the building envelope by increasing insulation (绝缘) and airtightness. We can also work with building services engineers to     3     renewable energy generation (生成) technology and ensure that building services and appliances are running efficiently. Smart technologies can also help households control energy use. Gas boilers and cookers will need to be replaced with electric     4     such as heat pumps and conduction hobs. Some community renewable generation     5     will be needed. Household     6     changes will be useful too, for example not having windows open while the heating is on. Rebuilding houses will not be a one-size-fits-all approach. Strategies for individual homes or building types will be required and     7     analysis of a home’s performance and its occupant’s habits will be needed. This was the first step of our R20 project, a rebuilding of 9/10 Stock Orchard Street reducing the energy demand of the building, 20 years after its     8    

The rebuilding works took place while the building was     9    . For all existing housing, careful     10     will be needed regarding health and safety and people’s wellbeing. Furthermore, households will need to learn how their rebuilt home works to use it successfully.

The value of upcycling

Recycling is a well-known idea that refers to reusing waste materials in any way possible. But what about “upcycling”? It’s a new word, even though it’s something that has been going on since human     1     began. It means reusing waste materials so that they have greater value. Throughout history, people have always done creative things with “trash”. For example, they’ve used straw and dead leaves to make roofs, skin from dead animals to make leather goods, and wood from     2     trees to make boats. So why is there a new word for it now?

One answer to this question is that we reuse fewer and fewer things, and so have become a (n) “    3    ” society. This has raised huge questions about waste: Where can we     4     it all? Will it pollute the environment? Could it be     5     to our health? The evidence is everywhere—even in the Pacific Ocean, where billions of bits of broken     6     float near the surface. Fish eat them, and then we eat the fish.

So upcyclers have adopted this new word to focus people’s attention on how waste cannot simply be reused, but be reused     7    . In fact, upcyclers don’t like the idea of waste and prefer to call it an “asset”, something of value. Nowadays, there are lots of organizations that     8     products with upcycled material. Some artists and designers have upcycled things like denim from old jeans to make rugs, and wood from old houses to make furniture. Others have even used candy wrappers to make handbags! Sometimes they’ll add a(n)     9     element to their products, such as a beautiful mosaic (马赛克) made with broken dishes. With a (n)     10     supply of “assets”, it seems that upcycling has a great future.

Puppies Understand You Even at a Young Age

We like to think our puppies can follow what we're telling them. Well, to some degree they can, even when they're     1    . We have known for a long time that adult dogs are especially     2     in understanding cooperative communication from humans. They can spontaneously follow a human pointing gesture. They're even better at it than apes, which are much more closely related to us,    3     speaking.

But is it a skill dogs pick up simply by spending time with people? Or is it a trait that was     4     for when dogs first became domesticated?

To find out, Bray and her colleagues     5     time with 375 puppies that were going to be trained to be service dogs. By working with pups that had spent most of their young lives with their owners, Bray could figure out whether dogs had to learn to     6     human communications -or if it's something they were born with.

The pups participated in tests designed to assess dogs1 social smarts. In one experiment, a researcher would hide food under one of two cups - and then call to the puppy and point toward the cup that held the     7    . They found puppies were able to use this social signal     8     to choose the correct location.

In another experiment, a researcher would talk to a puppy. “Hi pup. Are you a good puppy? Yes, you are! What a good puppy! ”This goes on for about 30 seconds. During this interaction, the researcher would record how much time the pup spent gazing at her with     9     sight.

They found that puppies would respond to human social gaze and could successfully use information given by a human in social context from a very young age. “It seems likely that puppies really are starting the (ask with the communicative ability necessary to be successful rather than just quickly learning a(n)    10     over the course of the task.” Bray added. All these findings suggest that dogs are biologically prepared for communication with humans.

Though it is not unusual to find marine animals under the Antarctica seafloor, researchers had always assumed that there would be few     1     of life farther away from open water and sunlight. However, the discovery of filter-feeding (滤食的) organisms— 160 miles away from the open ocean, with temperatures of -2.2℃ and under complete darkness— suggests that life in the world’s harshest environment may be more     2     than previously thought.

In 2017, BAS geologist James Smith and his colleagues conducted a three-month expedition to the middle of Antarctica’s Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, to collect     3     of the seafloor deposits. The team drilled through the half-mile of ice by pumping almost 20,000 liters of hot water through a pipe. After about 20 hours of painstaking work, they were finally able to reach the seabed underneath.

However, when the scientists lowered the instrument, along with a camera, to collect the soil, it came up empty. After multiple failed     4    — each round trip taking about an hour— the researchers took a closer look at the footage and noticed a massive stone sitting amid the     5     flat seabed. Even more surprisingly, the rock was covered with stationary animals, like sponges (海绵) and potentially unknown species.

The finding has     6     many scientists given that certain organisms, such as sponges and coral polyps (珊瑚虫), which live their entire lives     7     to rocks, or other hard surfaces, need food supplies. In the open water, the “marine snow,” as the food is called, comes from     8     organic matter, which drifts down from the upper waters to the deep ocean. However, the species in such depth are too far from the open sea to receive     9     supplies of nutrients. To make matters worse, due to the area’s strong ocean currents, the food has to travel anywhere from 370 to 930 miles to get to them.

“This is by far the furthest under an ice shelf that we’ve seen any of these filter-feeding animals,” said Smith. “These things are stuck on a rock and only get fed if something comes     10     along.”

Jane Goodall

Sixty years after the start of her groundbreaking study of chimpanzces in the wild, the primatologist looks for a silver lining in the pandemic.

Chimpanzees have no     1     of deadly foes. Logging, mining, deforestation, human population growth,the bush-meat trade, the exotic pet trade,medical research, bad zoos: All have helped     2     the global chimp population from more than a million in 1900 to less than 300,000 today,   according to the international Union for Conservation of Nature. Now, add COVID-19, “The pandemic is a nightmare.” says Jane Goodall over the phone from her family home in Bournemouth. U. K. where she has been     3     in place since March. Because chimps share nearly 99% of human DNA, they are     4     to human-borne diseases. Human respiratory viruses are already the leading cause of death in some chimp communities. and while there have been no reports of COVID-19 outbreaks vet. all great apes are believed to be susceptible to the coronavirus that causes it.

To prevent transmission, scientists have     5     great-ape research across Africa, including at the center Dr. Goodall founded in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park. The     6     of a deadly virus wiping out vet more of this endangered species is “terrifying,” she says. This was supposed to be a festive time for Dr Goodall. 86. Galas around the world were meant to celebrate the anniversary of her     7     study of chimpanzees in the wild. which began 60 years ago on July 14. 1960. Instead， Dr. Goodall, who usually spends 300 days a year trotting the globe to give talks and meet leaders as an environmental activist, has been putting in long hours trying to     8     masks for local Tanzanians, raise funds for conservation projects run by the Jane Goodall Institute and cheer up staffers over Skype and Zoom.

But the new's isn't all bad. she hastily adds. Befitting someone who used the word “hope” in the titles of three of her past four books. Dr. Goodall isn't above squinting（斜视）to find a silver lining. “I think people are seeing that we brought this pandemic upon ourselves by     9     the warning of scientists.” she says. She hopes that policy makers recognize that raising animals in unhygienic factory farms or trafficking and selling them in     10     markets makes it easier for viruses to jump from animals to humans.

“I think this is waking people up,” she says.