Food from the air
Everyone has seen plants growing, but have you ever thought
First, he dried some soil, put it into a pot and weighed it. Next, he weighed a small tree, planted it in the pot and added rain water. Then, he watered it
After five years, he removed the tree from the pot and weighed it again. He found that the tree had gained
We now know that plants and trees make their own food. Their leaves, when exposed
2 . Within the environmental movement, the question often arises whether global warming can be mitigated (缓解) by planting more vegetation. The idea is that the plants will consume carbon dioxide (CO2) that is causing the warming, while producing oxygen for us to breathe. This is acceptable on condition that global warming is indeed caused in some way by CO2 in the air.
However, actual scientific debate on the issue has shifted away from CO2 as the probable cause, especially after the findings that the temperatures changed 800 to 1000 years before carbon dioxide changed. In other words, CO2 levels are an indicator of temperature change, not a cause.
While there is nothing we can do to control the global climate, there is still a lot we can do to improve our local climates. Land use is the biggest decisive factor of local temperature and air quality. On clear days, the temperatures in big cities can be 5.6 degrees Centigrade higher than in the countryside around them. This is because the concrete (混凝土) of sidewalks and buildings and the asphalt (沥青) of roads take in sunlight and transform it into heat. Some get so hot, one could cook an egg on them! These vast surfaces of man﹣made stone also store lots of heat, which they radiate (散发) all night long. Just before sunrise, when the earth should be its coolest, roadways are still warm to touch.
If vegetation was blocking the Sun from the sidewalks and roads, the vegetation would absorb the sunlight, fueling the plants’ oxygen-making engines, and the rock would stay at surrounding temperatures. The easiest and most obvious choice is trees, particularly wide-reaching trees like the oak. Another possibility, especially outside the city centre, could be vine-covered trellises (棚架).Covering rooftops with grasses or other short vegetation reduces a building’s cooling cost as sharply as having trees or trellises that provide shade for windows does.
The reason why vegetation does not warm the air like rock does is that plants take water from the ground and evaporate (蒸发) it through their leaves. The Sun’s energy isn’t radiated as heat — it is used to change water into water vapor. The evaporative cooling works so well that the leaves stay 5.6 to 8.33 degrees Centigrade cooler than they would have been without water. While we can’t improve global climate, increased vegetation can help cool local climates.
1. Which of the following is True according to the passage?A.With some effort, we can still affect global climate. |
B.We can do a lot to improve the climate where we live. |
C.Temperatures in big cities are usually lower than in the countryside. |
D.The asphalt of roads throws back sunlight. |
A.Planting full and wide-reaching trees. |
B.Using vehicles that get better gas mileage. |
C.Using energy-saving equipment. |
D.Constructing dark-colored roofs on new buildings. |
A.Darker colors absorb more sunlight and transform it into heat. |
B.More thick materials store heat and give off it at night. |
C.Human activity is changing global climate. |
D.Vegetation is neither dark nor thick; thus, it reduces localized heating. |
A.Encourage the next generation to increase vegetation. |
B.Promote rooftop gardening. |
C.Remove vines and trellises from buildings. |
D.A and B above. |
In today’s Science class, we learnt that human beings have five senses. Our teacher, Mr. Smith, asked us to find out
Some plants can see the light from the sun, and grow towards
It
I never
4 . Scientists say the plant enset, an Ethiopian staple (主食), could be a new superfood and a lifesaver in the face of climate change. “This is a crop that can play a really important role in addressing food security and sustainable development,” said a university professor in Awasa, Ethiopia.
Enset, or “false banana”, is a close relative of the banana but is consumed only in one part of Ethiopia. The banana-like fruit of the plant is inedible (无法食用的), but the stems and roots can be processed to make porridge and bread.
However, Ethiopia is isolated (隔离) by dry lowlands, which are unsuitable for enset to grow. And the procedures for enset raising and preparing require special knowledge. Therefore, despite its wild relatives distributing across Africa, enset is only used as a crop in Ethiopia and has never been widely adopted elsewhere.
Using agricultural surveys and modelling work, scientists found the crop could potentially feed more than 100 million people and boost food security in Ethiopia and other African countries.
Study researcher Dr James Borrell, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, said planting enset as an alternative crop for tough times could help support food security. “It’s got some really unusual characteristics that make it absolutely unique as a crop,” he said. Reaching ten meters tall, as few as 15 enset plants can feed a person for a year. Also, it has flexible harvest times, stores well, and is relatively drought and disease tolerant. All these features have earned it the name, “the tree against hunger”.
There is growing interest in seeking new plants to feed the world. Nearly half of all the calories we eat come from three species - rice, wheat, and corns. “We need to diversify the plants we use globally as a staple because all our eggs are in a very small basket at the moment,” said Dr Borrell.
1. What can we know about enset?A.It is widely consumed in Ethiopia. | B.Its stems and roots can serve as a staple. |
C.It is mainly grown in dry lowlands. | D.It distributes throughout the world. |
A.Lack of related knowledge. | B.Poor quality of farmland. |
C.Low productivity. | D.Strict storage condition. |
A.Its advantages. | B.Its edibility. | C.Its variety. | D.Its distribution. |
A.People are fed up with existing staples. | B.A world of biodiversity is needed. |
C.Crop varieties should be increased. | D.Food security has been addressed. |
5 . People often recommend planting trees to make cities greener, cleaner and healthier. But during heat waves, city trees can actually increase air pollution. Indeed, a new study finds that up to 60% of the ozone (臭氧) in a city’s air on hot days may have its origin in chemicals released by trees.
City trees offer a host of benefits. They provide cooling shade, absorb carbon dioxide, and also release oxygen into the air. But oxygen is far from the only gas that trees and certain other green plants release into the air. One of these chemicals is a hydrocarbon(碳氢化合物) that can react with burning pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (氮氧化合物). The result is the formation of ozone which can cause airway diseases.
Galina Churkina works in Germany at Humboldt University of Berlin. She and her team wanted to explore how much chemicals released by trees could affect city air. To do this, the researchers turned to a computer. They asked it to model the likely reactions between plant chemicals and nitrogen oxides in air throughout the Berlin city area. To do that, the researchers fed in local weather data for two summers. One was 2006, when there was a heat wave. The other was 2014, when temperatures were mild.
An average daily high there in summer tends to be at roughly 25℃. On such a day, chemicals released by area greenery would likely have contributed to making about 6 to 20 percent of the ozone in the city’s air. But during a heat wave, when temperatures are more than 30℃ , tree-chemical emissions (发出物) are also high. As a result, they are now likely to be responsible for up to 60 percent of the ozone in air.
Churkina says her team was not surprised to see the contrary relationship between plants and pollution. The results, Churkina says, suggest city tree-planting programs should not ignore the role this greenery may play in bad summer air pollution. Adding more trees will improve quality of life only if those cities also undertake plans to sharply cut vehicle pollution (汽车污染).
1. What might people think of the new study finding?A.Reasonable. | B.Intelligent. | C.Surprising. | D.Disappointing. |
A.It is released by trees and other green plants. |
B.It directly comes from the burning of oxygen. |
C.A part of nitrogen oxides results in ozone in the end. |
D.It is from the chemical reaction between a hydrocarbon and burning pollutants. |
A.The higher the temperature is, the more ozone forms. |
B.There’re no emissions of chemicals in spring or autumn. |
C.Churkina suggests the number of city trees be lessened. |
D.Churkina was surprised at seeing the contrary finding first. |
6 . My wife and I moved into our home nine years ago. We have a yard a “rock garden”. There the rocks appear to be just thrown up onto the dirt as if someone were in a hurry to finish. Very often when we have more flowers, Denise or I would plant them between the rocks, just to bring some color to the area.
Last summer I found, in the rock garden, a tiny little plant that I could not immediately recognize. I knew I didn’t plant it and Denise said she didn’t either. We decided to let it continue growing until we could find out what it was.
Weeks passed and as I made my way back to the strange plant, it appeared to be a sunflower. It looked thin and tall with only one head on it. I decided to baby it along and weed (除草) around it. As I pulled rocks from the area to get to the weeds, I noticed something unusual. The sunflower had not started where I saw it begin. It actually had begun under a big rock and grown under and around it to reach the sun.
If a tiny little sunflower didn’t let a big rock stand in its way of developing, we too have the ability to do the same thing. If we believe in ourselves like that little sunflower, we can reach where we aim to go and get what we need for growth.
We need to believe in ourselves knowing we have the ability to achieve our goals. Like the sunflower, it knew it had the ability to get over the rocks because it had faith in itself that it would succeed. Stand tall like the sunflower and be proud of who and what we are, then other things will begin to support us. We will find a way to go under or around any “rocks” in order to realize our goals.
1. The family planted flowers in the yard ________.A.to attract visitors | B.to remove the rocks |
C.to please their neighbors | D.to make the area colorful |
A.to see how long it could live | B.to see how big it could grow |
C.to find out what it actually was | D.to know if his wife had planted it |
A.it was very thin and tall | B.it had only one head on it |
C.it grew on top of a big rock | D.it began to grow under a rock |
A.rocks cannot prevent us from success |
B.we can get over difficulties if we trust ourselves |
C.we should take good care of the rock gardens |
D.sunflowers are able to grow everywhere |
A.Stand Tall Like the Sunflower | B.The Sunflower and My Family |
C.Being Proud of the Sunflower | D.The Secret of the Sunflower |
Chrysanthemum(菊花) comes from China and was recorded in some Chinese books as early as the 5th century BC. The flower
The flower has been favored by
Chinese people
8 . Chocolate could soon be a thing of the past, after scientists warned that the cacao plant, from which chocolate is made, could disappear within 32 years.
Over half of the world’s chocolate comes from just two countries in West Africa-Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana-where the temperature, rain, and humidity (湿度) provide the perfect conditions for cacao to grow. But the threat of rising temperatures over the next three decades caused by climate change, is expected to result in a loss of water from the ground, which scientists say could upset this balance.
According to the related data, a temperature rise of just 2.1℃ could spell an end for the chocolate industry worldwide by 2050. Farmers in the region are already considering moving cacao production areas thousands of feet uphill into mountainous area — much of which is currently preserved for wildlife. But a move like this could destroy ecosystems that are already under threat from illegal farming and deforestation.
Part of the problem, according to Doug Hawkins, is that cacao farming methods have not changed for hundreds of years. “Unlike other tree crops that have benefited from the development of modern, high producing kinds and crop management techniques to realize their genetic potential (潜能), more than 90% of the global cocoa crop is produced by small farms with unimproved planting material,” he said, “It means that we could be facing a chocolate decrease of 100,000 tons a year in the next few years.”
Now scientists at the University of California at Berkeley have teamed up with American candy company Mars to keep chocolate on the menu. Using the controversial (有争议的) gene-editing technology known as CRISPR they are trying to develop a type of the cacao plant able to survive in dryer, warmer climates. If the team’s work on the cacao plant is successful, it could remove the need for farmers in West Africa to relocate to higher ground, and perhaps even allow cacao to be grown elsewhere in the world.
1. What do we know about chocolate from the text?A.Chocolate is mainly produced by African countries. |
B.Chocolate will not be produced by 2050 because of climate change. |
C.A new type of chocolate will be produced with the help of CRISPR. |
D.Chocolate will disappear from the menu 30 years later. |
A.Water shortage caused by climate change. |
B.The threat from illegal farming. |
C.The changeable farming method. |
D.The damaged ecosystem. |
A.The act of doing harm to trees. |
B.The act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area. |
C.The act of transplanting trees. |
D.The act of planting trees. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Supportive. |
C.Negative. | D.Objective. |
9 . Britain’s seed bank the only one in the world aiming to collect all of the planet’s wild plant species, has reached its goal of banking 10 percent by 2010.
The Millennium Seed Bank Project run by Kew Gardens — one of the oldest botanical gardens — will officially deposit the 24,200th species on Thursday, a pink, wild banana from China.
More than 50 countries are now on board with Kew’s giant task but vast places of the globe, including India and Brazil, still need to join in and donate seeds, director Paul Smith said.
The seed bank is one of the largest and most diverse in the world with more than 1.5 billion seeds. Its goal is to help protect the planet’s bio-diversity during a time of climate change.
The wild banana seed is under threat of extinction (灭绝) in southwest China from agricultural development. It is a vital food source for Asia elephants and important for growing bananas for human consumption.
The seeds are stored at minus 20 degrees centigrade. So they can last for thousands of years, the seeds await the day that scientists hope never comes — when the species no longer exist in the wild.
It is a race against time, Smith said, because in the last decade alone, 20 plants held in the bank have already been wiped out in the wild. He estimates that between a third and a quarter will become extinct this century.
“It is urgent and it is happening now. An area, the size of England, is cleared of primary vegetation (植被) every year.” Smith said.
Because most of the world’s food and medicines come from nature, protecting wild plant species is quite important, scientists say. There are already many other seed banks safeguarding food crops, which only account for 0.6 percent of plant diversity.
For Kew’s next goal — to collect a quarter of wild varieties by 2020 — the botanists need 10 million pounds a year, or a further 100 million pounds on top of the 40 million they have already been granted.
1. What’s the final purpose of the Britain’s seed bank?A.To collect enough money for the project. |
B.To safeguard food crops. |
C.To help scientists study wild plants. |
D.To protect wild plants from extinction. |
A.the climate change in this area | B.the expanding of farming work |
C.the large number of Asian elephants | D.human’s large consumption |
A.the seeds in the bank can be used now and then all over the world |
B.there is only one seed bank in the world at present |
C.India and Brazil haven’t joined in the Seed Bank Project at present |
D.the wild plants in places like India and China will never die out |
A.The extinction of plant species. | B.Kew Gardens’ next goal. |
C.The Millennium Seed Bank Project. | D.Britain’s seed bank. |
A.The global partnership of collecting wild plant species. |
B.The temperature condition of the conservative wild plant species. |
C.Scientists’ concern on the extinct wild plant species. |
D.The government’s financial support for the seed bank project. |
10 . We all enjoy the colors of autumn leaves. Did you ever wonder how and why a fall leaf changes color? Where do the yellows and oranges come from? To answer those questions, we first have to understand what leaves are and what they do.
Leaves are nature’s food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots. They take a gas called carbon dioxide from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose, which is a kind of sugar. Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing. The way plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar is called photosynthesis, which means “putting together with light.” A chemical called chlorophyll helps make photosynthesis happen. Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green color.
As summer ends and autumn comes, the days get shorter and shorter. This is how the trees “know” to begin getting ready for winter.
During winter, there is not enough light or water for photosynthesis. The trees will rest, and live off the food they stored during summer. They begin to shut down their food-making factories. The green chlorophyll disappears from the leaves. As the bright green fades away, we begin to see yellow and orange colors. Small amounts of these colors have been in the leaves all along. Covered up by the green chlorophyll, we just can’t see them in summer.
The bright reds and purples we see in leaves are made mostly in the fall. In some trees, like maples, glucose is trapped in the leaves after photosynthesis stops. Sunlight and the cool nights of autumn cause the leaves turn this glucose into a red color. The brown color of trees like oaks is made from wastes left in the leaves.
It is the combination of all these things that make the beautiful colors we enjoy in the fall.
1. The writer asked two questions in the beginning in order to ________.A.introduce the topic of the passage |
B.persuade readers to believe something |
C.get the readers excited |
D.offer something to think over |
A.Trees don’t change colours with seasons. |
B.Trees can still perform photosynthesis well in winter. |
C.Trees don’t need food in winter. |
D.Trees have colours like yellow and orange even in summer. |
A.plants change water and carbon dioxide into sugar |
B.plants use glucose as food for energy and growing |
C.plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar with the help of sunlight |
D.chlorophyll is a great help |
A.Colorful trees in autumn | B.Wonderful colors in autumn |
C.Do you enjoy tree colors? | D.Mysteries of tree colors |