1 . Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the proper form of the words or expressions given in the frame. Each one can only be used once.

A Brief History of Ice

Ice is a lot more than frozen water. In ancient days, it was nearly worth its weight in gold. Egyptian pharaohs, Roman emperors, and Mideastern kings ordered thick pieces of ice brought from the snow-covered mountain peak to make their drinks     1    . Floated on ships, ice soon became a quick business — not only as refreshment but also to cool houses in an old version of air     2    . The Chinese of 3,000 years ago built special buildings to     3     ice. The Persians enjoyed put ice into fruit juices, which was called sharbia. In time, a craze for sharbia     4     throughout Europe.

The best was yet to come. In Italy, around 1550, some     5     cooks added milk to the recipe (菜谱). Presto! The     6     of ice cream! But, for centuries, it was     7     and expensive. In 1809, Dolly Madison, wife of the fourth president of U. S. A., impressed her dinner guests by being the first to     8     ice cream at the White House.

Apart from nice desserts, ice was     9     business. It could cool fish, meat, fruits, and vegetables sent all over the world. Since then, we needn’t climb up mountains for ice all year round.

A small ice cube has a big history. Imagine yourself a queen or king of Persia when you put an ice into your lemonade. It’ll     10     even better.

2 . Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A drop in the sun’s radiation can cause cold winters in parts of North America and Europe, scientists say, a finding that could improve long-range forecasts and help countries     1     for storms.

Scientists have known for a long time that the sun has an 11-year cycle during which radiation from the sun reaches a(n)     2     then falls. But detecting a clear link of the cycle to the weather has proved much     3    .

“Our research notices a link between solar activities and regional winter climate,” lead author Sarah Ineson of the UK Met Office told the reporters in an email.

Her team focused on the data from the recent minimum solar radiation period during 2008-10, which was a(n)     4     calm period for the sun but at the same time,     5     winters in the U.S and Europe were recorded which brought troubles to many businesses and made people’s lives difficult.

The researchers found that a reduction in radiation from the sun can affect wind patterns,     6     cold winters.

“While radiation levels won’t tell us what the day-to-day weather will be, they provide the exciting     7     of improved prediction for winter conditions for months and even years ahead. These predictions play an important role in long-term weather planning,” Ineson said.

Ineson’s team used the data in a complex computer to     8     long-term weather patterns. It successfully reproduced what scientists had observed happening in the upper atmosphere during changes in solar radiation. More study was needed, though. The key     9     in the experiment lay in the satellite data used, because it spans (跨度) only a few years.” So there are still questions concerning whether the current research results are accurate and whether they can be     10     to other solar cycles,” she said.