1 . Each year more than 2,500 people die and 12,600 are injured in home fires just in the United States, with direct property loss because of home fires at about $7.3 billion. Every day Americans experience the horror of fires, but most people don’t understand fires.
To protect yourself, it is important to learn something about home fires.
In less than 30 seconds a small flame(火焰) can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It only takes minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house or for it to be in flames. Most deadly fires happen in the home when people are asleep. If you realize a fire, you won’t have time to take valuables because the fire spreads too quickly and the smoke is too thick. The fire uses up the oxygen you need and produces smoke and poisonous gases. Breathing even small amounts of smoke and poisonous gases can make you tired and sleepy, and short of breath. The smoke can cause you to be a deep sleeper before the flames reach your door. You may not wake up in time to escape.
Room temperatures in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and rise to 600 degrees at eye level. Breathing in this super-hot air will burn your lungs. It can melt (熔化) clothes to your skin. In five minutes, a room can get so hot that everything in it starts to burn at once.
Fires are bright at first, but quickly produce black smoke and complete darkness. If you wake up to a fire you may be blinded, confused about where you are or which direction you should go in and unable to find your way around the home you’ve lived in for years. Only when we know the true nature of fires can we prepare our families and ourselves.
1. How does the first paragraph develop?A.By raising questions. | B.By listing reasons. |
C.By expressing opinions. | D.By giving examples. |
A.It is necessary to escape in time. | B.It is important to find poisonous gases. |
C.It is impossible to keep away from smoke. | D.It is dangerous to stay away from the door. |
A.Causing us to feel hopeless. | B.Making our faces turn black. |
C.Getting us to lose our ways. | D.Forcing us to walk around the home. |
A.Different processes of home fires. | B.Some basic knowledge of home fires. |
C.Great damage of home fires in the USA. | D.Some good ways to prevent home fires. |
A.In a city guidebook. | B.In a storybook. |
C.In a science magazine. | D.In a dictionary. |
A.The rainforests. | B.The fires. | C.The books. |
(1). 活动时间、地点;
(2). 活动的目的;
(3). 活动的内容和意义。
注意:
(1). 词数不少于100;
(2). 可以适当增加情节,以使行文连贯;
(3). 邮件的开头和结尾已经给出,但是不计入总词数。
Dear Susan,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
4 . On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctica. He was wearing only his swimming glasses, cap and Speedos!
Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosystems with their large diversity of marine (海洋的) life. When asked why he doesn’t wear a wetsuit (防寒泳衣), Lewis says, “I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans. Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I’m asking them to be courageous, I must also be. Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message.”
It took Pugh about 19 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about 1. 6℃. He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swims, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.
Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.
This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In 2015, he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica’s Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.
1. Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit?A.To swim faster. | B.To show his bravery. |
C.To build up his body. | D.To win public attention. |
A.His body. | B.The water. |
C.His body temperature. | D.The water temperature. |
A.One must be fully prepared. | B.One should be expert at swimming. |
C.One should be ready to take on challenges. | D.One must be used to long-distance swimming. |
A.Ambitious and self-centered. | B.Hardworking and single-minded. |
C.Optimistic and environmentally friendly. | D.Determined and environmentally conscious. |
A.Lewis Pugh: swimming for a cause | B.How to survive a swim in cold waters |
C.How to prepare for extreme swimming | D.Lewis Pugh: achieving the impossible |
1. 简述学校内存在的环境问题;
2. 可以采取的措施;(至少写出两点措施或建议)
3. 提出倡议。
注意:词数 100 左右;可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
What Can We Do for the Environment in Our School
Hello, everyone.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your listening.
1.活动的目的;
2.活动的安排(活动时间、提供三项可选活动以及报名参加的方式);
3.表达期待。
注意:1.词数不少于100,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Notice
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Students’ Union
7 . Spending over a year in the bleak (荒凉的) Antarctica might change your brain for the worse, according to new research out this month. It seems to show that polar explorers who lived for 14 months at an Antarctica research station experienced brain shrinkage, likely as a result of their loneliness and boredom.
The study’s authors used MRI (核磁共振) to scan the brains of eight members of a team before they began a long stay at the German — run research station. During their mission, the team periodically took tests of their cognition and memory and provided blood samples that allowed the study authors to measure their levels of a protein important for brain health called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). When they returned, they had their brains scanned again.
Finally, compared to themselves before the mission, the explorers’ brains appeared to have less grey matter on average. The shrinkage was most apparent in the hippocampus, in area of the brain key to memory and cognition. Their average levels of BDNF also dropped during the trip and didn’t improve significantly even after one-and-a-half months back home.
The study’s findings, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, aren’t the first to suggest that long time of being separated can change the brain. But practically all of this work has involved animals, according to the researchers.
Of course, an eight-person study is small, so any of its conclusions should be taken with caution. Lead author Alexander C. Stahn, now a researcher at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, said that the effects on the hippocampus are likely temporary, provided the scientists returned back to a life filled with social interaction and interesting things to see.
Still, since people will continue travelling to and from Antarctica for long periods of time, the findings are definitely worth keeping in mind and exploring further. They might even prove relevant for the rare few people who might travel as far as Mars in the future — perhaps the only similarly scientific, months-long mission that would be even more lonely.
1. What will do damage to the brain according to the first paragraph?A.Doing research in brain shrinkage | B.Travelling to the Antarctica. |
C.Working as a researcher in a station. | D.Being in a lonely place for a long time. |
A.By comparing the scanned results. | B.By studying the previous figures. |
C.By making a long-term program. | D.By scanning the participants’ brains. |
A.They were no longer used to the civilized world. |
B.They had some difficulty in remembering things. |
C.They became normal after one-and-a-half months. |
D.They published their findings in a medical magazine. |
A.The scientists are provided with various social activities. |
B.Long time of being separated can change the brain of all animals. |
C.Other researches have the same findings as the study. |
D.Its conclusion may be relevant for those who are fond of travelling. |
A.The importance of the finding. | B.The disadvantage of the finding. |
C.The future development of the space. | D.The possibility of travelling to Mars. |
A.A travel diary. | B.A psychology text book. |
C.A medical brochure. | D.A scientific magazine. |
8 . Earth is a big place, but size isn’t everything. The planet’s richest ecosystems are in rapid decline, forcing us to acknowledge countless creatures worldwide are running out of room.
85% of all species on the IUCN Red List are endangered due to many forms of habitat loss, from complete deforestation to less obvious effects of pollution and climate change. Every species needs a certain amount of habitat to find food, shelter and mates, but for a growing number of animals, the space where their ancestors found those things is now overrun by humans. As habitats decline, animals also grow more vulnerable to secondary dangers like disease or conflict with people.
According to many scientists and conservationists, the best strategy to avoid a dramatic loss of biodiversity is to set aside half of Earth’s surface area for wildlife. That might sound like a big sacrifice at first, but upon closer inspection, it’s still an incredibly sweet deal for us: One species gets half the planet, and all other species must share the other half. This idea has been around for years, confirmed in programmes like the WILD Foundation’s “Nature Needs Half” campaign, but it has gained more different opinions recently. And it may now have one of its most forceful arguments yet, thanks to a 2016 book by well-known biologist E. O. Wilson titled Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life.
Half-Earth, therefore, isn’t so different from today’s Earth. We’re already doing many of the right things, as Wilson recently told the University of California-Berkeley’s Breakthroughs magazine. We still have a few big biodiversity zones left, and others that could still recover. We just need to protect as many wilderness areas as we can, fill in gaps wherever possible and do no further harm. “I’m sure we can go from 10% to 50% coverage, land and sea,” Wilson says. “It could be large reserves that still exist, like in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia, in the taiga, the major wilderness areas of Congo, in Papua New Guinea, the Amazon—these can be made inviolate reserves; they can be pieced together.”
1. What is the main cause of wildlife’s rapid decline?A.Habitat loss. | B.Terrible disease. |
C.Conflict with people. | D.Poor living conditions. |
A.The method to save our planet. | B.The real profession of E.O. Wilson. |
C.The solution to avoiding wildlife decline. | D.The origin of “Nature Needs Half” campaign. |
A.Curious. | B.Confused. | C.Concerned. | D.Confident. |
A.Sharing the Earth with other animals. | B.Changing our attitude toward wildlife. |
C.Increasing the population of wild animals. | D.Protecting the existing habitat for wildlife. |
9 . In the United States, most of our electricity comes from power plants (发电厂) that burn coal and oil.
There are two big problems with using these things for electricity. First, their supply is limited (有限的). Second, burning them causes pollution. So to make sure we always have power and to keep our planet clean, we must find other ways to make electricity.
Some people think that wind power is our best choice. First, there will always be more wind. Also, wind power does not pollute the environment. Best of all, we don’t have to search for wind.
Today, less than 1 percent of our electricity comes from wind. But scientists have been developing better wind machines. As a result, wind power is getting more popular in this country.
Yet wind power may not keep growing so quickly in years to come. Why not? Many wind turbines (风力涡轮机) are needed to make much electricity. So wind-power companies try to build wind farms but are competing (竞争) with other uses for the land. A wind farm is a group of turbines placed close together in an area with frequent winds.
In places where companies try to build wind farms, people think that lines of turbines are ugly. Noise from turbines often troubles people. Also, turbines kill birds that fly into them.
Wind-power supporters disagree. They think the sight of wind turbines is lovely. They point out that people have gotten used to living near noisy highways. They say ways can be found to keep birds away from turbines.
In today’s world, we need clean and unlimited power sources more than ever. Unless a better power source comes along, people may just have to accept wind power as a part of their lives.
1. The underlined part “these things” in the second paragraph refers to ________.A.frequent winds. | B.wind turbines. |
C.power plants. | D.coal and oil. |
A.How wind power works. |
B.How wind power was found. |
C.The advantages of wind power. |
D.The development of wind power. |
A.It is very expensive to build lots of wind turbines. |
B.It is difficult to improve the wind power technology. |
C.There are few people who accept it as a new power source. |
D.Many wind turbines are needed and there is less space for them. |
A.make a loud noise. |
B.look very beautiful. |
C.are built near highways. |
D.provide places for birds to stay. |
A.The Role of Wind. |
B.The Power of Wind. |
C.The Cost of Wind Power. |
D.The History of Wind Power. |
10 . Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000 three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla’s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness.
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn’t new. “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,” says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. “Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.”
The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn’t worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels.
1. It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas’ house ________.A.is well worth the money spent on its construction |
B.is almost faultless from the point of energy conservation |
C.failed to meet energy conservation standards |
D.was designed and constructed in a scientific way |
A.Poor quality of the air inside. | B.Poor quality of the construction. |
C.Gas leakage in the kitchen. | D.The newly painted walls. |
A.relieve | B.accelerate | C.worsen | D.improve |
A.Because indoor cleanliness was not emphasized. |
B.Because energy used to be inexpensive. |
C.Because environmental protection was given top priority. |
D.Because they were technically unavoidable. |
A.Energy Conservation | B.House Building Crisis |
C.Air Pollution Indoors | D.Traps in Building Construction |