5 . 语篇选词填空

equally   recycle   portion dissolve threaten   countless   capable   convenient   comforts concern

The pollution of the earth’s soil and water has become an issue of great concern. Until recently, most of that     1     has focused on the land     2     of the planet, where pollution directly affects people in their daily lives. Now, however, we have begun to realize that marine (海洋的) pollution is     3     important. According to S.A. Patin, marine pollution is the condition that results when people introduce into the seas substances harmful to life, health, resources, activities, or     4    .

Marine pollution is far from new. For over a million years, people have thought of the sea as a     5     place to throw their garbage. And it is true that the sea has a great capacity for absorbing organic wastes. Some of these wastes are eaten directly by the larger fishes. Others quickly     6     into a kind of organic soup that provides food to     7     species of single-celled plant and animal life.

As civilizations grew, more different pollutants were dumped into the seas. Still, this pollution did not really threaten the marine environment. The seas seemed     8     of coping with anything that people could throw at them. This situation changed, however, when suddenly factories began dumping enormous quantities of materials into the seas. Especially in some coastal areas near large cities, ocean pollution began to     9     marine life. For the first time, the oceans began to fail in their ability to     10     humanity’s waste.

6 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. constituents 　　　B. ultimately 　　　C. exhausts 　　　D. economical 　　　AB. conventional AC. electricity 　　　AD. approximately 　　　BC. contributes 　　　BD. extent 　　　CD. substances ABC. generates

Driving an electric car     1     to the protection of environment, or so the marketing departments of their makers would have you believe. Yet a report which analyzes car emissions presents a rather different picture. A battery-powered car recharged with     2     generated by coal-fired power stations, it found, is likely to be more harmful. It could cause more than three times as many deaths from pollution as a     3     petrol-driven vehicle.

The study was carried out by the University of Minnesota. The researchers estimated how levels of fine particulate matter (细颗粒物) and ground-level ozone — two important     4     of air pollution — would change when a car is powered by different ways.

It was no surprise that electric cars whose batteries were recharged with power from wind, solar or hydro-electric sources came out to be virtually free from harmful     5    . They were estimated to cause 231 deaths over the course of a year, compared with 878 for petrol cars. Electric cars recharged with power from natural gas-fired stations were also a lot less harmful than petrol-driven ones, with 439 deaths. But if those same electric cars were recharged     6     by coal, they would be responsible for over 3,000 deaths.

Biofuels also caused more health problems than petrol. But diesel, which often     7     concern about pollution, is slightly cleaner than petrol. This is because the study assumes for all cars that emission-control technologies will be more widely used, especially particulate filters which have a remarkable effect on cleaning diesel     8    . Diesel cars are also more     9     of fuel than petrol-driven ones.

Overall, the study shows that electric cars are cleaner than those traditional vehicles only if the power used to charge then is also clean. That is hardly a surprise, but the     10     of the difference is. How green electric cars really are, then, will depend mainly on where they are driven. In France, which obtains more than half of its power from nuclear station, electric cars look like a good bet. In China and some other developing countries, where a large amount of electricity is produced from coal, they may not be so environment- friendly as they are marketed.

7 . Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Sustainable fashion, also called eco fashion, is part of the growing design philosophy and trend of sustainability, the goal of which is to create a system which can be supported indefinitely in     1     of environmentalism and social responsibility. Sustainable fashion is part of the large     2     of sustainable design where a product is created and produced with consideration to the environmental and social impact it may have throughout its total lifespan, including its “carbon footprint”. Fashion designers are now re-introducing eco-conscious methods at source through the use of environmentally friendly materials and     3     responsible methods of production.

There are some organizations     4     on increasing opportunities for sustainable designers. The National Association of Sustainable fashion Designers is one of those organizations. Its purpose is to assist entrepreneurs with growing fashion-related businesses that create social change and respect the environment. Sustainable designers provide specialized triple bottom line education, training, and     5     to tools and industry resources that advance creative,     6     and high impact businesses. The organization’s mission is to create social change through design and fashion-related businesses by providing education, training and programs that are transformative to the industry and to     7     cooperation, sustainability and economic growth.

According to Earth Pledge, a non-profit organization (NPO), nothing can better     8     the necessity of supporting sustainable fashion than the fact that at least 8,000 chemicals are used to turn raw materials into textiles and 25% of the world’s pesticides are used to grow non-organic cotton. This is     9     to cause irreversible damage to people and the environment and is in a sense linked to the     10     of certain species.

8 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Bhutan is the country of a stunning and wide variety of flora and fauna, amazing architecture, ancient traditions, remarkably friendly people and unique colorful culture. It is     1     the worlds’ happiest country and also one of the greenest, for the Himalayan kingdom is not only carbon neutral, but carbon     2    .

What is also noteworthy is that this is happening despite increasing tourism. One of the ways foreigners can contribute to the country’s conservation efforts is to visit the miraculous land. As a travel destination, Bhutan remains unique,     3     between its industrialized neighbors China and India. The isolated nation only opened up to foreign visits in 1974 and allowed TVs in 1999.

Bhutan has built sustainability into its national     4    . “Our enlightened monarchs (君王) have worked tirelessly to develop our country,     5     economic growth carefully with social development, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation, all within the framework of good governance,” Tshering Tobgay, Bhutan’s Prime Minister said at a 2016 TED Talk. One of the ways Bhutan has achieved this is controlled, low     6     tourism.

Unless you’re from India, Bangladesh, or the Maldives, you’ll need a visa to explore this wonderland—there is no independent travel. Aside from the visa ($40), tourists must pay an additional $200 to $250 “Minimum Daily Package Fee” and book through an officially     7     tour operator. The fee can confuse or put off potential visitors, so it’s worth clarifying what it is. It covers lodging in three-star accommodations, all meals, a(n)     8     guide, camping and hiking equipment, domestic travel (excluding flights), and taxes and fees. A daily sustainable development fee of $65 is also included in the package. This goes towards     9     education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation, along with the building of infrastructure to     10     growing tourism.

9 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. alarming       B. properties     C. revealed     D. invasive       E. rescue     F. instrumental G. households   H. document     I. concerned     J. amateur       K. initiatives

Before science became professionalized in the 19th century,     1     naturalists were collecting information and helping us understand the natural world. A 2009 study found that nearly 50% of UK     2     feed wild birds. The National Trust has more than 5 million members, and 60,000 active volunteers helping to protect the countryside as well as historic     3    . Now, with our environment arguably under greater threat than ever and species declining at a(n)     4     rate, volunteers are once again at the forefront of efforts to limit the damage.

Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. On the Isle of Man, more than 8,000 people (nearly 10% of the population) are involved in regular weekend beach cleans. At one recent event, 123 volunteers turned up and removed 183 bags of litter in just a couple of hours. Thanks to     5     such as this, the island shares Unesco biosphere reserve status with the Galápagos, Yellowstone in the US, Uluru in Australia, and hundreds of other sites.

Recreational divers are making a real difference underwater too. They monitor the spread of     6     species, and record how native species respond. Divers also     7     levels of marine litter and other human impacts. Volunteer divers have played an important role in collecting information about marine conservation zones. Volunteers have also made a vital contribution to the conservation of basking sharks. The work of a citizen science Basking Shark Project in the 1980s and 90s was     8     in getting these sharks on the protected species list in the UK, while satellite tagging     9     the first recorded transatlantic crossing by a basking shark.

Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. No one can know better, or care more about, our most special places than the people who live in them and give up their free time to look after them. As a group of divers and     10     residents who lived on the shores of the bay, they took their campaign on to national and international stages and continue to inspire people who might otherwise feel powerless when faced with threats to the places that matter to them.

10 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

World leaders get some face-to-face time at the U.N. climate summit

Sometimes in diplomacy, the sideline(副业) is where all the action is. That was the case at the     1     of the Paris climate summit on Nov. 30, where nearly 150 world leaders met in one of the largest such     2     in history. They were ostensibly(表面的) there to talk about   global   warming,   but   with   Paris   less   than   three   weeks   removed   from   a     3     terrorists attack and the Middle East in chaos, presidents and prime ministers took the opportunity to discuss global security     4     just offstage of the summit. So president Obama sat down with Russian President Vladimir Putin to talk about the     5     in Syria and Ukraine, and with Chinese President Xi Jinping to discuss the possibility of broader anti-terrorism     6    . Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinan Authority President Mahmoud Abbas----sharply at     7     this year even found time to exchange a rare handshake at the summit.

The threat of terrorism     8     the sideline discussions----so much so that some critics asked why it wasn’t the main event. But climate change and terrorism are part of the same threat. National security experts have warned for years that climate change     9     to the social instability that in turn feeds extremist groups like ISIS. Before leaving Paris, Obama made the same point: “This one     10    , climate change, affects all trends.” And it will only be stopped by global action.