1 . Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused.

This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice.

The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect.

Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice.

Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society.

1. What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1?

A．To lead in the topic.

B．To draw a conclusion.

C．To show that we have more choices when shopping.

D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping.

2. What does the paradox of choice suggest?

A．More options mean less satisfaction.

B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased.

C．People are happy with more choices.

D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors.

3. What can be learned about satisficers?

A．They aim for the very best.	B．They tend to follow their feelings.
C．They often regret their decisions.	D．They have trouble making a decision.

4. What does Schwartz suggest people do?

A．Hold on to their beliefs.	B．Accept their own behavior.
C．Give up freedom.	D．Limit their own choices.

2 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

In June 2010, I flew from Chicago to Barcelona, Spain, with 10 classmates, led by our teacher. All the students, including me, were excited at the opportunity to study abroad. On our second day in Barcelona, we, together with our teacher, went to see the sights there. We hadn’t had a chance to stop by any banks to take out cash, but we had our bank cards, which, according to our American way of thinking, would naturally be accepted anywhere.

After visiting some sights there, our teacher led the tired group through the subway and to the Sagrada Familia, a well-known church with a long history. She let each of us decide whether we wanted to visit the church or return to the hotel after our long day traveling around the city. Many of the students headed for the subway and returned to the hotel. Two of my friends and I chose to wander about the plaza(广场), but soon my friends wanted to return to the hotel. I was confident in my abilities and had a subway ticket, so I felt comfortable without them. I got in line to enter the church which I had dreamed of visiting for long.

When I reached the entrance of the church, the staff of the church asked me for the 10-euroadmission price. I confidently handed over my bank card, but they didn’t accept the bank card, asking for cash only. I was shocked and then upset. At that time, I only had three euros on hand. And I couldn’t ask my teacher or classmates for help since the entire group had left. What was worse, I couldn’t speak Spanish and asking for help from others might not work. I was so discouraged since our group were leaving the next day for Madrid, and I wasn’t going to get the opportunity to see the church again. Aimlessly, I went across the street and passed by a small courtyard(庭院) with a food and drink truck, and tables set out.

注意：
1. 续写的词数应为150左右。
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Suddenly, I heard English being spoken.

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Surprisingly, one smiling woman at the table handed me a 20-euro bill.

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3 . The director was not          for comment, for he was occupied with something else for the time being.

A．convenient

B．reputed·

C．available

D．distinguished

4 . Mrs. Bussman commented on the workman’s close          to her husband and suggested that he might be his brother. Franz poured          on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war.

A．similarity, blame	B．likeliness, disbelief
C．relation, assumption	D．resemblance, scorn

5 . In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by          his readers with a series of coincidences — most of them          improbable.

A．acquainting, credulously	B．presenting, extremely
C．offering, steadily	D．relating, wildly

6 . The sorry-looking, blackened thief          from the chimney, admitted at once that he had tried to break into the shop during the night but had been stuck there for ten hours, which shows that punishment is meted out quite        human interference.

A．emerged, dependent of	B．being emerged, independent of
C．emerging, independent of	D．having emerged, dependent of

7 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

One day as I drove toward my home in a small Colorado town, I passed the local bus stop. Several passengers had already exited a bus and were making their way to parked cars or setting off on foot to their various destinations.

I pulled up as a group of people crossed the road in front of me. As I watched, I noticed a thin, shabbily dressed old lady struggling with a large suitcase.

She managed to carry it for a few yards before setting it down on the ground. After resting for a few moments, she picked it up with the other hand and pressed on, stopping now and then to rest and change hands. When the traffic started to move again, I saw the same elderly lady still struggling with the overweight suitcase. This was before the days when suitcases were fitted with little wheels that enabled travelers to pull their luggage behind them with the least amount of effort.

Now, witnessing this lady and remembering similar struggles I had experienced before when traveling, I pulled up alongside her and leaned over to call out through the open passenger window, “Excuse me, . Would you like a lift?”

She stopped and stared at me suspiciously without answering. I repeated, “Do you want a lift?” She still hesitated and then started to walk slowly toward me, dragging her suitcase along the road. “I’m going right into the town,” I said. “If you want to tell me where you are going, I’ll drop you off. That suitcase looks awfully heavy.”

注意：1. 续写词数应为150个左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
“Well, all right,” she answered in an almost unfriendly voice.
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Finally, she uttered (说出) some words, “What do I owe you? I don’t have much.”
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8 . Sitting in the lecture hall          a number of committed teachers,         attention was on an outstanding teacher’s lesson.

A．were, their

B．was, whose

C．was, their

D．were, whose

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

I was eight years old when I first experienced the feeling of guilt. Then I had three close friends, David, Kyle and Richard, and I could rely on them for anything. We did everything together, from playing four square and handball at break, to eating lunch at our own spot. We hung out every second we could.

It was a Wednesday at school, and that morning I didn’t have breakfast. My stomach growled (咆哮) every 10 minutes louder and louder. I felt like the whole class could hear my stomach. I constantly stared at the clock go tick tock, tick tock for hours. As soon as the bell rang for lunch, our teacher led the line to the dining hall, but when I checked my pockets to see if I brought my money, I only had a dollar. I was angry that I left my money at home and desperate to have lunch. So, I quickly asked my teacher to use the restroom, ran up the stairs to see all the backpacks hung up against the wall and saw my friend Richard’s bag.

I looked around to see if anyone was near and found no one was in sight. As I opened the bag and saw a whole bag of coins, I decided to take eight of them. Then I bought my lunch and carried on through the day like nothing had happened.

When school was over, Jamba Juice came to sell smoothies (冰沙). I had totally forgotten once a month on Wednesdays Jamba Juice would sell smoothies for five dollars. I was already satisfied with the lunch, and didn’t even bother caring for a smoothie. Everyone wanted a smoothie and the whole school and their parents were in the line waiting.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150个左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

I walked with my friends to the line.

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I didn’t have enough sleep that night.

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10 . In the thick forest, a New Caledonian crow carefully removes a branch, pulls off unwanted leaves and makes a tool from the wood. The crow is a perfectionist. When it’s satisfied, the bird advances the finished tool into a hole in the tree and fishes out a wriggling grub (蠕动的幼虫).

The New Caledonian crow is one of the only birds known to make tools, a skill once thought to be unique to humans. The remarkable originality that Christian Rutz, a behavioral ecologist at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, observed changed his understanding of what birds can do. He started wondering if there might be other ignored animal abilities. Experiments have shown that different crow groups in the forest have distinct vocalizations (发声). Rutz wanted to know whether these vocalizations could help explain cultural differences in tool-making among the groups.

New technology powered by artificial intelligence (AI) is ready to provide exactly these kinds of insights. Whether animals communicate with one another in terms we might be able to understand is a question of enduring question. “With recent breakthroughs in AI, people realize that we are on the edge of fairly major advances in regard to understanding animals’ communicative behavior,” Rutz says.

Beyond creating chat-bots that attract people and producing art that wins fine-arts competitions, machine learning may soon make it possible to crack (破解) things like crow calls, says Aza Raskin, one of the founders of the nonprofit Earth Species Project. Cracking animal vocalizations could aid conservation and welfare efforts. It could also have a shocking impact on us. Raskin compares the coming revolution to the invention of the telescope. “We looked out at the universe and discovered that Earth was not the center,” he says. The power of AI to reshape our understanding of animals, he thinks, will have a similar effect. “These tools are going to change the way that we see ourselves in relation to everything.”

1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1?

A．Show the New Caledonian crow can make tools.

B．Explain why the New Caledonian crow is a perfectionist.

C．Tell the New Caledonian crow often makes mistakes.

D．Describe how the New Caledonian crow lives in the forest.

2. What does Rutz tend to agree?

A．It is humans and crows that can make tools

B．Humans may fail to notice some animals’ abilities.

C．The New Caledonian crow is the smartest bird.

D．The New Caledonian crow has various sounds.

3. What does Raskin suggest doing in the last paragraph?

A．Chatting with AI.	B．Looking out into space.
C．Using AI to crack animal calls.	D．Connecting with the outside world.

4. What may be the best title for the text?

A．Earth Is Not the Center	B．Start Your Mind and Study Deeply
C．Protect Animals to Make the World Better	D．AI Could Help Us Understand Animals