1 . AI, or deep learning, takes in massive amounts of data from a single domain and automatically learns from the data to make specific decisions within that domain. It can automatically optimize (优化) human-given goals with _________ memory and superhuman accuracy.

The potential applications for AI are extremely exciting, but the rise of AI also brings many _________. It’s worth taking time to sort between the genuine risks of this coming technological revolution and the _________ that sometimes surround the topic.

First, let’s talk about job displacement. Because AI can   _________ humans at routine tasks, it is technically capable of displacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.

But not every job will be replaced by AI. _________, four types of jobs are not at risk at all. First there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a _________ to optimize. It cannot _________ as scientists, novelists and artists can. Second, the complex, strategic jobs go well beyond the AI _________ of single domain and Big Data. Then there are the as-yet-unknown jobs that will be created by AI. Are you worried that these three types of jobs won’t employ as many people as AI will replace? Not to worry, as the fourth type is much _________ : empathetic and compassionate jobs, such as teachers, nannies and doctors, which AI is not capable of. So there will still be jobs in the age of AI.

As well as job displacement. AI has the potential to _________ inequality - both between the super wealthy and the displaced workers and also among countries. Poorer and smaller countries will be unable to reap the economic rewards that will come with AI and less well placed to _________ job displacement.

The technology also poses serious challenges in terms of _________. The consequences of hacking into AI - controlled systems could be severe.

Finally, there are the issues of privacy, worsened prejudices and manipulation (操纵). Sadly we’ve already seen _________ on this front. Facebook couldn’t resist the temptation to use AI technology to optimize usage and profit, at the expense of user privacy and increasing prejudices and division.

All of these risks require governments, businesses and technologists to _________ develop a new rule book for AI applications. And rather than compare against one another countries must share best practices and work together to ensure this technology is used for the _________ of all.

1.

A．deep

B．specific

C．unlimited

D．accurate

2.

A．doubts

B．possibilities

C．decisions

D．challenges

3.

A．misunderstanding

B．underestimates

C．controversies

D．arguments

4.

A．dismiss

B．outperform

C．reject

D．enroll

5.

A．In fact

B．By comparison

C．In addition

D．As a result

6.

A．job

B．goal

C．risk

D．topic

7.

A．research

B．learn

C．serve

D．invent

8.

A．automation

B．displacement

C．limitation

D．complication

9.

A．easier

B．larger

C．smarter

D．quicker

10.

A．maintain

B．remove

C．multiply

D．conceal

11.

A．destabilize

B．enhance

C．relieve

D．preserve

12.

A．security

B．control

C．severity

D．advancement

13.

A．prejudices

B．issues

C．temptations

D．failures

14.

A．hold on

B．work together

C．take off

D．back up

15.

A．competition

B．application

C．rules

D．good

2 . There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界). But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there’s also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven’t trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there’s a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).

In 2002, the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.

IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.

A free Web application for this purpose, called myIDP, has become available this week. It’s designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection（内省）to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee’s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories（轨迹）. After the user has identified a long-term career goal, myIDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.

Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective when it’s embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.

1. What do we learn about new science in the United States Ph.D.s today?

A．They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs.

B．They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs.

C．They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.

D．They are regarded as the nation’s driving force of change.

2. What does the author say about America’s Ph.D. training?

A．It includes a great variety of practical courses.

B．It is closely linked to future career requirements.

C．It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia.

D．It should be improved to better suit the job market.

3. Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to        .

A．bring into full play the expertise of their postdoctoral researchers

B．help employees capitalize on their abilities to achieve career goals

C．place employees in the most appropriate positions

D．recruit the most suitable candidates to work for them

4. What do me know about myIDP?

A．It is an effective tool for self-assessment for better career plans.

B．It enables people to look into various possibilities.

C．It is an integral part of the graduate curricula.

D．It can promise a long-term career path.

3 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A．efficiency             B．employ             C．effective             D．chemicals             E．accelerating F．existing             G．projected             H．trapped             I．power                    J．simultaneously K．artificially

This past July was the hottest recorded month in human history. Heat waves smashed temperature records worldwide and even brought summer temperatures to Chile and Argentina during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. It’s more than just a matter of sweaty discomfort. In the U.S. alone, it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes and hurricanes combined. As climate change worsens, access to     1     cooled spaces is rapidly becoming a health necessity.

Yet standard air-conditioning systems have     2     us in a vicious cycle: the hotter it is, the more people use the AC—and the more energy is used as a result. Nicole Miranda, an engineer researching sustainable cooling at the University of Oxford says: “it’s not only a vicious cycle, but it’s a(n)     3     one.” According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is     4     to more than triple by 2050.

It’s becoming increasingly clear that humans cannot outrun climate change with the same air-conditioning technology we’ve been using. One well-known problem with current AC systems is their reliance on refrigerant     5    , many of which are potential greenhouse gases. About 80 percent of a standard AC unit’s climate-warming emissions currently come from the energy used to     6     it, says Nihar Shah, director of the Global Cooling Efficiency Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Standard air-conditioning systems     7     cool and dehumidify through a relatively inefficient mechanism: in order to condense water out of the air, they overcool that air past the point of comfort. Many new designs therefore separate the dehumidification and cooling processes, which avoids the need to overcool.

Even with some of the best technologies available, the gains in     8     alone might not be enough to offset the widely expected increase in air-conditioning use. It will not work to simply replace every     9     air conditioner with a better model and call it a day. Instead, a truly cooler future will have to     10     other strategies that rely on urban planning and building design to minimize the need for cooling in the first place.

4 . It’s midafternoon. You’re full from lunch. The day is warm. You’re starting to feel sleepy. Should you ______ to the comfort of a nap?

A．give up

B．give away

C．give off

D．give in

5 . Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, anxiety disorders, defined by extreme fear, restlessness, and muscle tension, can increase the risk for ______ and self-murder.

They are some of the most common mental health conditions around the world, ______ around four out of every 100 people and costing the health care system and job employers over US $42 billion each year.

People with anxiety are more likely to miss days from work and are less ______. Young people with anxiety are also less likely to enter school and complete it, leading to fewer life ______. Even though this evidence points to anxiety disorders as being important mental health issues, insufficient ______ is being given to them by researchers, clinicians, and policy makers.

My team and I at the University of Cambridge wanted to find out who is most affected by anxiety disorders. To do this, we conducted a systematic ______ of studies that reported on the proportion of people with anxiety in a variety of contexts around the world, and used accurate methods to keep the highest quality studies.

Our results showed women are almost twice as likely to ______ anxiety as men, and people living in Europe and North America are disproportionately affected.

So why are women more ______? It could be because of differences in brain chemistry and hormone (荷尔蒙) variations. Reproductive events across a woman’s life are ______ with hormonal changes, which have been linked to anxiety. The rise in oestrogen (雌激素) that occurs during pregnancy can ______ the risk for uncontrollable disorder.

This is ______ by disturbing and repetitive thoughts, impulses and addictions that are upsetting and less effective. But in addition to biological mechanisms, women and men seem to experience and react to events in their life ______. Women tend to be more likely to stress, which can increase their anxiety. Also, when faced with stressful situations, women and men tend to use different coping ______. Women faced with life stressors are more likely to think about them seriously, which can increase their anxiety, ______ men engage more in active problem-focused coping.

Other studies suggest that women are more likely to ______ physical and mental mistreatment than men, and this behavior has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders.

1.

A．symptom

B．depression

C．misery

D．frightening

2.

A．infecting

B．stimulating

C．capturing

D．affecting

3.

A．productive

B．progressive

C．positive

D．passive

4.

A．adventures

B．insurances

C．chances

D．programs

5.

A．conclusion

B．attention

C．solution

D．contribution

6.

A．ignorance

B．outlook

C．discovery

D．review

7.

A．suffer from

B．deal with

C．fight against

D．result from

8.

A．superior

B．inferior

C．vulnerable

D．enormous

9.

A．interacted

B．associated

C．disconnected

D．inherited

10.

A．challenge

B．decline

C．eliminate

D．increase

11.

A．characterized

B．confused

C．performed

D．offended

12.

A．equally

B．similarly

C．differently

D．terribly

13.

A．shortcuts

B．strategies

C．standards

D．samples

14.

A．because

B．unless

C．if

D．while

15.

A．experience

B．accept

C．ignore

D．persist

6 . 荷花（lotus flower）迎骄阳而不惧，出污泥而不染，象征纯洁、高雅。（characterize）

7 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. referring             B. refresh             C. pin                    D. occurred             E. acknowledging F. identify             G. drain                    H. discouraged       I. specific             J. negative K. specifically

Make a Wish List

Most of us know of New Year’s Resolutions, where one sets intentions for the year ahead. But too often, people make their resolutions     1     — “I will no longer eat biscuits left at my desk”— and then feel unhappy. In the cold month of January, the last thing you need is to     2     your energy further by setting up a series of battles with yourself. And if you break a resolution, you feel     3    , which is a rubbish way to start the year. What you need instead are things to look forward to.

So instead, try a wish list. This involves writing down 100 things you would like to do in the year ahead. The items can be enormous or tiny, ranging from “Climb Everest” to “buy a new pencil sharper”. The main thing is that at some point it has     4     to you as something that you would like to do.

The key here is — write it down.

Do you feel any resistance to the ideas? If so, ask yourself why. What is wrong with     5     what you would like to do? Try not to say to yourself: “I can’t I don’t have the money/time/energy/skills.” Just write it down.

It helps to be     6    , so rather than “Get outdoors”,     7     a place you would like to visit. And take your time when creating it — a wish list is not built in a day. Think about it, polish it and     8     it.

Finally, you have your list. And what a work of beauty it is. Here are all the things that you would like to do. Remember to     9     them up where you can see them; let yourself consider how they can be accomplished. You’ll be amazed that so many of your dreams can be realized though the simple trick of writing them down and     10     to them.

8 . Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs.

Robot Chef Learns to Twirl (旋转) Pizza Like a Pro

Pizza has a proud history of fueling late-night lab work, and scientists in Naples—an Italian city famous for its pizza—have easy access to some of the world’s tastiest take-out. But what inspires engineer Bruno Siciliano is not that first bite     1     much as how the dish is made.

“Preparing a pizza involves an extraordinary level of agility and dexterity (敏捷和灵巧),” says Siciliano, who directs a robotics research group at the University of Naples Federico Ⅱ. Stretching a deformable object like a lump of dough (面团) requires an accurate and gentle touch. It is one of the few things humans can handle, but robots cannot—yet.

Siciliano’s team     2     (develop) a robot able to make a pizza pie. RoDyMan (short for Robotic Dynamic Manipulation) is a five-year project     3     (support) by a €2.5-million grant from the European Research Council. Like a human chef, RoDyMan must throw the dough into the air to stretch it,     4     (follow) it as it spins and anticipating how it will change shape.

RoDyMan has been working this spring toward a milestone: stretching the dough     5     tearing it. To guide the robot, Siciliano’s team asked master pizza chef Enzo Coccia to wear a suit of movement-tracking sensors. “We learn [Coccia’s] motions, and we copy them with RoDyMan,” Sciliano says.

RoDyMan uses visual sensors in its head to track the dough in real time. Using software, it can train     6     to handle the pizza like a chef would. The robot     7     (map) the dough’s position and tracks how it moves. Through practice, the robot     8     get better—much like humans develop “muscle memory.” Researchers hope RoDyMan’s technology can lead to a new generation of robots that will perform tasks in ways     9     are accurate and responsive, if not more lifelike.

Yet Siciliano admits that     10     compares with a traditional chef. “I would never eat a pizza made by a robot,” he says. “It would not have the taste a real pizzaiolo, with his soul, would put in it.”

9 . Study after study has shown that spending a night without sleep produces mood benefits for about half of the people with depression. The effects of this ______, dubbed “wake therapy”, offer the bonus of being immediate, unlike most antidepressants, which require a few weeks to work.

A．approach

B．shift

C．term

D．application

10 . Dark energy permeates the empty part of the universe — the vacuum. Whatever “it” is, it ______ a repulsive force that pushes everything apart and pulls against gravity.

A．stretches

B．exerts

C．substitutes

D．facilitates