1 . California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. |
B.The increasing variety of California big trees. |
C.The distribution of big trees in California forests. |
D.The influence of farming on big trees in California. |
A.Ecological studies of forests. |
B.Banning woodcutting. |
C.Limiting housing development. |
D.Fire control measures. |
A.Inadequate snowmelt. | B.A longer dry season. |
C.A warmer climate. | D.Dampness of the air. |
A.California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? |
B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon |
C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? |
D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California |
2 . By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It’ll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
1. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface. |
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour. |
C.The way light reflects off marine organisms. |
D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton. |
A.Sensitive. | B.Beneficial. | C.Significant. | D.Unnoticeable. |
A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem. |
B.Dutkiewicz’s model aims to project phytoplankton changes. |
C.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate. |
D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener. |
A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes. |
B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain. |
C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans. |
D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton. |
3 . A new interactive (互动的)map shows which parts of the world have been hit hardest by climate change. The map, called ClimateEX, allows users to see how global warming (全球 变暖)influences temperature and rainfall across the Earth.
The map shows, in the UK, areas of eastern Scotland have been most influenced by climate change. In the US, the west coast has seen a rise in temperature and loss of rainfall. The map also shows that over the next 50 years parts of Wales and northeast England will see big changes to their climate.
Developed by a scientist at the University of Cincinnati, the map uses 50 years of public climate data from 50, 000 international weather stations around the Earth. It shows not only how the climate has changed, But also what will possibly happen by the year 2070.
According to the map, over the next 50 years Central America will be subject to terrible heat and rainfall. Papua New Guinea, southeastern China, the west coast of the US, Greenland and the Arctic are also easily influenced, most importantly for sea level change.
ClimateEX can also help users search for places where climate change may lead to extreme phenomena (现象)in the future. The user simply touches the place where storms are frequent at present on the map and then ClimateEX will show all the places where storms are likely to happen in 50 years.
1. A rise in temperature and loss of rainfall have happened in ____.A.the US | B.China | C.Papua New Guinea | D.the UK |
A.setting up weather stations | B.recording rainfall |
C.measuring the sea levels | D.using past climate data |
A.cause | B.suffer | C.avoid | D.change |
A.reduce the influences of climate change |
B.change the climates of different countries |
C.show where extreme climates will happen |
D.suggest how people deal with climate change |
A.Increasing Rainfall | B.An Amazing Map |
C.A Map of the World | D.Changeable Climate |
4 . There is hot, and then there is hot! Extreme heat is a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit for at least two to three days. Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards (危害).
It’s not your imagination. Summers have been getting hotter and hotter with extreme heatwaves occurring earlier and more frequently. But why is this happening and can we better predict heatwaves in advance to give people time to prepare?
“Climate change is here and it’s already been changing human behavior and causing significant influence in the society. As global temperatures rise, historically excessive (过高的) temperatures are more likely to occur.” says Craig Ramseyer, an assistant professor who studies climate modeling in the department of geography at Virginia Tech.
Ramseyer says heatwaves are the most concerning because of the lack of attention they normally receive. “Hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods drive more media attention because of the natural attraction with the visual impact of those types of hazards. However, heat does not tend to be as attractive and it becomes very difficult to communicate the danger to the public,” said Ramseyer. “Around the world, more deaths occur due to extreme heat than from hurricanes, flooding, and drought combined. It impacts the most helpless of our citizens who do not have enough access to air conditioning, water, and other important resources.”
Since the Earth is running warmer than it used to, Ramseyer says that when these heatwave-related weather patterns take place, it results in higher extreme temperatures than we used to experience 30 years ago.
“As a global community, we need to decrease carbon emissions as soon as possible. We have rapidly developing technologies that are going to help advance the process, but the faster the better, there is no time to waste.”
1. What can we learn from the article?A.Extreme heat is a No.1 death cause. |
B.People are suffering more extreme heat. |
C.A 100-degree heat is an extreme heat. |
D.Extreme heat is getting better over the years. |
A.Climate change will soon affect human behaviors. |
B.High temperatures happened frequently in history. |
C.Air conditioning and water can stop the extreme heat. |
D.Garbage sorting can less advance the climate change. |
A.Extreme heat can be stopped by technology. |
B.People have enough time to solve the climate problems. |
C.The danger of extreme heat is not easily transferred to the public. |
D.Heatwave-related weather patterns will decrease in the future. |
A.Complaints about extreme heat. | B.Prevention of extreme heat. |
C.Characters of extreme heat. | D.Technologies behind extreme heat. |
5 . For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published inTrends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance beak (喙) size has increased by between 4% and 10%since 1871. Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats growing bigger ears, tails, legs and wings.
All that fits nicely with evolutionary (进化的) theory. “Allen’s rule”, named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附加物) than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to get rid of additional heal. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ryding’s team combined data from different species in different places. Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. That may change as warming accelerates. Every little bit of avoided future temperature increases results in less warming that would otherwise stay for essentially forever.
1. Why do some species grow bigger parts of their body?A.They are following the new trends. |
B.They have to adapt to warmer climate. |
C.Scientists need them to do experiments. |
D.Larger parts tend to help them feed well. |
A.In mild areas. | B.In hot places. |
C.In the Arctic. | D.In deserted regions. |
A.It comes at a cost. |
B.Its cause is definite. |
C.It happens in the same habitat. |
D.Its process will end soon. |
A.Living on a Warming Planet |
B.Measures to Remove Heat |
C.Pioneering Research on Animals |
D.Evolution to Survive Heat |
6 . As our Earth’s temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected effects on our world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skins to
Climate change also increases the
As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change,
A.protect | B.prevent | C.save | D.free |
A.movement | B.situation | C.process | D.operation |
A.higher | B.firmer | C.lighter | D.smaller |
A.choice | B.measure | C.qualification | D.chance |
A.grow | B.rescue | C.recover | D.decline |
A.ignored | B.lost | C.hurt | D.left |
A.accessible | B.enjoyable | C.acceptable | D.favorable |
A.attention | B.command | C.trust | D.support |
A.frightened | B.paid | C.ruined | D.wasted |
A.common | B.original | C.distant | D.strong |
A.affecting | B.improving | C.forgetting | D.reflecting |
A.Besides | B.Surprisingly | C.Otherwise | D.Unfortunately |
A.devote | B.keep | C.adapt | D.lead |
A.due to | B.in addition to | C.instead of | D.in spite of |
A.pass | B.miss | C.break | D.bring |
Lightning is very common but one of the most powerful weather forces to hit the Earth.
If you are outside,
If you are indoors during a lightning storm, you could still be
8 . The Amazon rainforest is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Now, research suggests that many of the region’s most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.
Birds are often considered sentinel (哨兵) species — meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem — so scientists are particularly interested in how they’re responding to climate change. In general, the news has not been good. For instance, a 2019 report by the National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America’s bird species will be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.
For the new study, researchers collected the biggest database so far on the Amazon’s resident birds, representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. During the study period, the average temperature in the region rose, while the amount of rainfall declined, making for a hotter, dryer climate overall. According to the report on November 12 in the journal Science Advances, 36 species have lost substantial weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight per decade since 1980. Meanwhile, all the species showed some decrease in average body mass, while a third grew longer wings.
Because of the study’s long time series and large sample sizes, the authors were able to show the morphological (形态学的) effects of climate change on resident birds. However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.
1. Why are scientists fond of doing research on birds?A.They have small body sizes. | B.They are sensitive to hot weather. |
C.They are ecological balance indicators. | D.They live in an undisturbed rainforest. |
A.Two-thirds of species showed a considerable decrease in weight. |
B.About 26 species responded to climate change with longer wings. |
C.36 species lost 2% of their body weight every year from 1979 to 2019. |
D.A third of species have been extinct for a decade due to the hotter climate. |
A.Put off. | B.Give off. | C.Put away. | D.Give away. |
A.Why it is easier for smaller animals to keep cool. |
B.Why the Amazonian birds have lost substantial weight. |
C.Whether bird species in Amazon will be extinct in 2100. |
D.What effects the wing length changes have on birds. |
9 . Worried about the climate?
•Count the birds and the bees
Get closer to nature by becoming a citizen scientist. You could be counting birds in your garden, butterflies, insects and flowers, or even reptiles and hedgehogs.
•
Media headlines can be alarming when it comes to the climate and nature crisis or ignoring the issues completely. Hosting a local discussion can allow space for reflection, debate, ideas and collaboration (合作) to take action on global issues at a local level.
•Set up a library of things
Internet shopping has made it too easy to buy new stuff at the click of a button.
•Start a climate emergency centre
A.Cooperate with your locals |
B.But where is it all going to end up |
C.Host a climate and nature discussion |
D.But how have we consumed the things |
E.The climate and nature crisis isn’t going away |
F.There are lots of citizen science projects to take part in |
G.Small local actions with neighbors, local businesses and politicians can make a difference |
1. Which classes will play against each other?
A.Class 5 and Class 6. |
B.Class 4 and Class 5. |
C.Class 3 and Class 4. |
A.This afternoon. |
B.This Saturday. |
C.Next Saturday. |
A.Rainy. | B.Fine. | C.Cloudy. |