1 . Looking out of the window of his truck, Bob Fitzgerald sees dying forests and empty farmland. Fitzgerald says the land has been in his family since the 17th century. “I can show you the land around here that people grew tomatoes on when I was a little boy. And now it’s gone.”
Climate change is making things worse. As sea levels rise, salt water is entering rivers and other waterways. As a result, the land is becoming too salty for crops (庄稼) to grow on. Hundreds of millions of people will have to move inland because of rising waters.
Kate Tully, a researcher in the University of Maryland, wants to keep coastal (沿海的) farmers in business as the seas rise. She has seen the forests filled with pine trees killed by the increasingly salty soil. The United States Department of Agriculture gave Tully and other researchers $1.1 million to study the problem. She and her team hope to give farmers ways to stay on their land.
They are testing different crops on pieces of land around the Eastern Shore. “Sorghum is my new favorite crop because it can grow without rain and it can grow with lots of rain.” The grain crop (谷类庄稼) may be a good choice to feed the nearly 600 million chickens kept in the area each year. As farmers know, chickens can deal with salt, dry weather conditions and heavy rains. Yet just being able to grow a crop is not enough. The crop has to bring in money.
Some people believe the land should be given back to nature. They say the fields should be turned into wetlands, which are popular with duck hunters (猎人). “There’s money in duck hunting,” Tully said. “Hunting organizations will pay farmers for hunting on their land. Farmers could make a lot of money from duck hunting.”
Tully and her team are just getting started. It will be a few years before they really understand how to save the farms.
1. How does the author introduce the topic?| A．By telling a story. | B．By showing an experience. |
| C．By doing a research. | D．By studying the result. |
| A．To help farmers stay on their land. | B．To study new crops for coastal farmers |
| C．To study climate change in recent years. | D．To help farmers start their own business. |
| A．She’s worried it goes against nature. | B．She thinks it’s popular with farmers. |
| C．She thinks it can be a good choice. | D．She thinks it will take time. |
| A．Scientists Teaching Farmers to Plant Crops | B．Rising Seas Forcing Changes on Farms |
| C．Climate Change Making Things Worse | D．Coastal Farmers Saving Their Homeland |
A. It’s already affecting nearly every aspect of our lives and our children’s futures, our heat waves more deadly, our storms more intense, and our wildfires burn.
B. But the most important thing we can give them is hope that there are solutions, and everyone has something to contribute no matter how old they are.
C. As parents, many of us have had challenging conversations with our children. There’s one more to add to the list — climate change.
D. By taking the time to understand how we feel about climate changes ourselves and then listening to our children discussion about their hopes around the issue, we can help them figure out how they can be part of the solution.
E. When we talk to our kids, we have to be honest. Climate change is real and serious.
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（/）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Only a few days after I arrived in the UK did I realize what changeable the weather was. In Saturday afternoon, my friends and I decided to cook some traditional Chinese food rather than eating out. It was nice and beautiful from beginning when suddenly the clouds gathered above. Then the sun was blocked complete by the thick clouds, following by a heavy rain. But it only rained for about 10 minutes after the sun showed its lovely face again. While they were having dinner, the sun hide behind the clouds once again. It changed from sunshine to light rain for several time in a single day.
The earth is becoming warmer and warmer. It is believed that people have caused global warming
Greenhouse gases continue to build up the atmosphere. The climate
5 . The Amazon rainforest is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Now, research suggests that many of the region’s most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.
Birds are often considered sentinel (哨兵) species — meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem — so scientists are particularly interested in how they’re responding to climate change. In general, the news has not been good. For instance, a 2019 report by the National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America’s bird species will be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.
For the new study, researchers collected the biggest database so far on the Amazon’s resident birds, representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. During the study period, the average temperature in the region rose, while the amount of rainfall declined, making for a hotter, dryer climate overall. According to the report on November 12 in the journal Science Advances, 36 species have lost substantial weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight per decade since 1980. Meanwhile, all the species showed some decrease in average body mass, while a third grew longer wings.
Because of the study’s long time series and large sample sizes, the authors were able to show the morphological (形态学的) effects of climate change on resident birds. However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.
1. Why are scientists fond of doing research on birds?| A．They have small body sizes. | B．They are sensitive to hot weather. |
| C．They are ecological balance indicators. | D．They live in an undisturbed rainforest. |
| A．Two-thirds of species showed a considerable decrease in weight. |
| B．About 26 species responded to climate change with longer wings. |
| C．36 species lost 2% of their body weight every year from 1979 to 2019. |
| D．A third of species have been extinct for a decade due to the hotter climate. |
| A．Put off. | B．Give off. | C．Put away. | D．Give away. |
| A．Why it is easier for smaller animals to keep cool. |
| B．Why the Amazonian birds have lost substantial weight. |
| C．Whether bird species in Amazon will be extinct in 2100. |
| D．What effects the wing length changes have on birds. |
6 . Marine cold spells are cold versions of heat waves: periods of exceptionally cold water which are able to hurt or help the ecosystems they hit. Today, the oceans experience just 25% of the cold spell days they did in the 1980s, and cold spells are about 15% less intense (强烈的), according to a new study. Weaker cold spells could mean they’re less likely to cause mass die-off events, but having fewer cold spells also means recovery periods from marine heat waves are disappearing.
“Recently, studies have focused more on heat waves and warm ocean temperature events than on the cold events,” said lead author Yuxin Wang, an ocean and climate scientist. “Because marine cold spells have both positive and negative impacts, understanding when, where and why these spells appear is very important for fisheries’ long-term planning.”
Wang and her colleagues analyzed sea surface temperature data from 1982 to 2020, checking for periods of either terribly hot or cold temperatures. They found that oceans are warming, and sea surface temperatures are becoming variable over time. That variability leads the intensities of marine heat waves and cold spells to change at different rates, making it more difficult for scientists to forecast (预测) each.
Establishing global trends in marine cold spells and their relationship to global warming is an important step, but further studies are needed to control regional and local effects. Those local effects include impacts on fisheries. “Marine cold spells play double roles in influencing ecosystems,” Wang said. ”Cold spells can cause terrible impacts. But they can counteract the impacts of heat waves.”
Extreme (极端的) events affect coastal communities and economies, but members of the public might not be aware of how they’re going to intensify in the future. We need to get the word out.” said Darmaraki, a physical oceanographer. “Information about the underlying physical causes of these extreme events can help improve the forecast. That information can be provided for fisheries. The earlier communities know what to expect, the better they can prepare.”
1. How does the author bring up the topic?| A．By referring to popular views on marine cold spells |
| B．By describing the bad influence of climate change. |
| C．By introducing changes in marine cold spells. |
| D．By comparing cold spells and heat waves. |
| A．Previous data on them is useless. |
| B．They have little impact on ecosystems. |
| C．They can last longer with human effort. |
| D．Research into them is of great value. |
| A．Strengthen. | B．Reduce. |
| C．Spread. | D．Prove. |
| A．The public’s knowledge of extreme events should be improved. |
| B．Various threats limit the development of coastal communities. |
| C．Researchers lack experience in dealing with extreme events |
| D．Weaker cold spells are beneficial to the fishing industry. |
1. What is the speaker doing?
| A．Reporting the weather. |
| B．Recommending outdoor activities. |
| C．Arranging for the summer holiday. |
| A．Cool. | B．Warm. | C．Hot. |
| A．It’ll be sunny and comfortable. |
| B．Its transport is convenient. |
| C．It has great air-conditioning systems. |
| A．Prepare for storms. | B．Replan their outing. | C．Enjoy the clear skies. |
The climate crisis has reached new levels of destruction this year for millions of people in poor countries that didn’t cause the problem,
At the annual United Nations climate conference this week, the issue is formally
These contributions are welcome, although they are not the kind of funding
It’s not
9 . A recent study found that more than a third of all heat deaths worldwide can be attributed to climate change. Parts of the U.S. are feeling the danger now. Heat waves, like the one that has held the Northwest United States in its grip for the past week, are deadly.
The human toll (伤亡人数) of the record-breaking temperatures that struck both coasts of the U.S. and Canada in recent weeks is already enormous. At least 80 people have died in the U.S during the past few days of extreme heat; in British Columbia, the number is in the hundreds. And, as more data trickles in, those numbers are likely to rise even further.
A mountain of scientific research has shown that climate change is making heat waves longer, hotter, more likely, and more dangerous. A recent study published in Nature Climate Change adds additional detail by assessing the human cost of that extra heat: In June, a team of some 70 researchers reported that for the 732 sites on 6 continents they studied, on average, 37 percent of all heat-related deaths can be blamed directly for climnate change.
“The study underlines the urgency with which we need to address human-caused climate change,” says Ana Vicedo Cabrera, lead author of the study and a climate change epidemiologist at the University of Bern, in Switzerland.
“Climate change is not something in the future: It’s something in the present, and it is already affecting our health in very dramatic ways,” she says. Extreme, deadly heat events like the one hitting North America are a warming of what will come. “We can expect that what we’ve seen in the past is going to increase exponentially in the future. Our choices for the future are more of this, or a lot more of this. We can still choose between bad and worse,” he says.
Either way, it is well past time to start helping people across the country prepare for extreme heat, says University of Washington’s Kristie Ebi, a global environmental health exper Some actions can be simple, like making sure people have access to fans, air conditioning, and shade. But the basic message is simple, according to Ebi: We can choose to save lives.“ Heat kills, but it doesn’t have to,” she says.
1. What is the main cause of the heat deaths?| A．Air pollution. |
| B．Climate change. |
| C．Overpopulation. |
| D．Geographical Location. |
| A．Zero. |
| B．Moderate. |
| C．Litle |
| D．Huge |
| A．Climate change was an issue in the past. |
| B．Heat waves will definitely come next year. |
| C．Human-caused climate change needs solving. |
| D．The future of human is between good and bad. |
| A．It’s better late than never. |
| B．Rome was not built in a day |
| C．Where there is a will. there is a way. |
| D．God help those who help themselves. |
10 . As climate change becomes severe summer after summer, millions of people are finding themselves covered in wildfire smoke, including those in North America just this past month. It is bad for our health. It is also really disturbing, but we don’t talk about that as much.
We often use the terms “atmosphere” or climate” to refer to the mood of a situation. We use metaphors (比喻) to describe affective states, such as “feeling under the weather” or “on cloud nine”. Such language suggests that we understand that human emotions are intimately related to the atmospheric phenomena. Yet rarely do we pay attention to the ways we feel climate change.
But wildfire smoke shows how affective climate change can be. For example, wildfire smoke is often referred to using emotional phrases such as “air of dread”. Through living with the smoke and the panic it generates, we can think more carefully about the ways we experience climate change, and crucially, why and how we need to respond to it.
We often think of climate change impacts as far away, separate from our bodies, because science typically uses global representations and statistical information. But wildfire smoke spreads and pollutes our bodies, and indeed, crosses many other boundaries; it drifts from rural areas into big cities; and it crosses state and national borders with ease. Of course, some borders are more permeable (渗透的), and some bodies more sensitive to the smoke.
Through its ability to pass through and become part of our very being, wildfire smoke is closer in nature to the air pollution we normally think of as one of the causes of climate change. Wildfire smoke is both an impact and a cause of climate change. It explains the nature of climate change impacts and the self-reinforcing (自我强化) feedback circles that can, and may, lead to the planet warming itself independent of human actions.
1. What can we learn about people’s reaction to climate change?| A．They are curious about it. |
| B．They take it very seriously. |
| C．They feel powerless about it. |
| D．They pay little attention to it. |
| A．Closely. | B．Naturally. |
| C．Certainly. | D．Unexpectedly. |
| A．It allows people to sense climate change. |
| B．It does great harm to people’s health. |
| C．It influences people’s mood. |
| D．It attracts scientists’ deep concerns worldwide. |
| A．Why Smoke from Wildfires Harms Us |
| B．How We Can Observe Climate Change |
| C．What Smoke from Wildfires Can Teach Us |
| D．What We Can Do to Avoid Smoke from Wildfires |
