Half a million Londoners travel to and from work by bike every day. Since the introduction of the Congestion Charge in 2003, the capital city
The growth in cycling can partly be attributed to the launch in 2010 by Transport for London of the Backlays Cycle Hire scheme throughout the city's center.
Of course, London isn't the only place
2 . Educational programs often use fear-based messaging and films of crash scenes to reduce risky driving behavior among young people. But does this “scary” approach work? A new study suggests that fear-based messaging fails to reduce risky driving behavior, while fear-based Virtual Reality (VR) films showing a violent collision may actually lead young drivers to take more chances behind the wheel.
A team of psychologists in Belgium conducted a study of 146 students who had been legally driving for less than five years. The researchers examined the impact of both content (fear vs. positive) and delivery mode (2D vs. VR) of driver safety intervention programs.
By showing a serious consequence such as death, fear-based driver education films attempt to arouse a sense of fear and persuade young people to drive more carefully. Positively framed films take the opposite approach, using humor and modeling safe driving behaviors that result in positive consequences.
Three tests were used to analyze the risk-taking behavior of the young drivers before and after participating in the intervention program. One was a questionnaire. Another was a test on traffic, which asks participants to watch video clips of driving situations and choose whether they view a situation as too risky, for example, choosing whether to pass another car in icy conditions. A third test was used to measure the level of emotional arousal (such as feeling afraid) after watching a film.
The results showed that participants who viewed the fear-based VR film reported riskier driving behaviors afterward, while those who viewed a positively framed VR film exhibited the greatest reduction in risky driving behavior. This finding supports other research that has shown that exposing participants to an extreme collision tends to activate defensive mechanisms, such as paying attention for a shorter time, disengaging, rejecting a message, and an increase in risky behaviors.
“Fear appeals have been used in many health and environmental campaigns, such as smoking and anti-drug,” says Dr. Cutello of the research team. “Further experimental research is needed to determine whether the use of fear is effective.”
1. What is the new study about?| A．VR’s application on driving education. | B．Young drivers’ risky driving behaviors. |
| C．The deadly consequence of violent crashes. | D．The effect of drivers’ educational programs. |
| A．To assess driving emotions. | B．To judge driving behaviors. |
| C．To gain driving competence. | D．To keep safe driving in mind. |
| A．Drivers show fewer risky behaviors. | B．Drivers were less able to focus long. |
| C．Drivers were unwilling to cooperate. | D．Drivers became more open to advice. |
| A．More research should be conducted. | B．Fear-based education shouldn’t be used. |
| C．The result of his research is unconvincing. | D．The use of fear education has been cut down. |
3 . Student-Led Public Walking Tour
The official Harvard tour is led by students and consists of an outdoor walk through Harvard Yard， providing a history of the university， general information， and a unique view on the student's individual experience． The tour is around one hour long， and completely free of charge． Currently we are only able to accommodate groups of up to 14 people． If you have a group of 15 or more， reservations are required．
A Self-Guided Walking Tour
If you are interested in touring the campus on your own， you may want a self-guided walking tour． Helpful tour brochures written in nine languages can be acquired from our office during working hours．
Western Ave． Arts Walk Tour
The Western Ave． Arts Walk Tour is led by students and consists of an outdoor walk along Western Avenue where visitors will learn about Allston's public art including both permanent and temporary works of art on view at the Harvard Ed Portal， the Harvard Business School as well as works related to Zone 3． The tour is approximately one hour long． Please wear comfortable shoes．
Harvard College Admissions Information Tour
The Harvard College Admissions & Financial Aid Office offers another guided tour of the undergraduate campus． This student-led tour of Harvard Yard is designed for students who have just been admitted into Harvard and those visitors wishing to learn more about student life．
1. What is special about A Self-Guided Walking Tour？ ______| A．It includes an outdoor walk． |
| B．It offers useful written materials． |
| C．It requires comfortable shoes． |
| D．It is around one hour long． |
| A．Western Ave． Arts Walk Tour |
| B．Student-Led Public Walking Tour |
| C．A Self-Guided Walking Tour |
| D．Harvard College Admissions Information Tour |
| A．To introduce the life of Harvard students． |
| B．To introduce the history of Harvard． |
| C．To introduce different tours of Harvard． |
| D．To tell students to walk around Harvard． |
