3 . When you walk on a sandy beach, it takes more energy than walking down a sidewalk—because the weight of your body pushes into the sand. It turns out that the same thing is true for vehicles driving on roads.

“The weight of the vehicles creates a very shallow indentation in the pavement—and it makes it such that it's continuously driving up a very shallow hill,” said Jeremy Gregory, a scientist at M. I. T...He modeled with his teammates how much energy could be saved-and greenhouse gases avoided—by simply hardening the nation's roads and highways.

And they found that hardening 10 percent of the nation's roads every year could prevent emissions equal to 440 megatons of carbon dioxide over the next 5 decades—that amount is equal to how much CO, you'd spare the planet by keeping a billion barrels of oil in the ground or by growing 7 billion trees for a decade. It reduces 0.5% of projected transportation emissions over that time period.

As for how to harden roads, Gregory says you could combine small amounts of certain fiber with high technology into paving materials. Or you could pave with specially-made concrete, which is harder than ordinary construction materials.

This system could also be a way to shave carbon emissions without some of the usual barriers. “Usually, when it comes to reducing emissions in the transportation department, you're talking about changing policies related to vehicles and also driver behavior, which involves millions and millions of people—as opposed to changing the way we design and preserve our pavements. That's just on the order of thousands of people who are working in transportation agencies.” And when it comes to improving our streets and highways-those agencies are where you might say the rubber meets the road.

1. How does the author develop Paragraph 3?

A．By giving examples.	B．By making classification.
C．By listing figures	D．By analyzing causes.

2. What does Gregory suggest for hardening roads?

A．Mixing fiber with special concrete.	B．Changing regular paving materials.
C．Creating hi-tech computer models.	D．Using ordinary building materials.

3. What is an advantage of the road-hardening system?

A．It reduces construction costs.	B．It profits transportation agencies.
C．It regulates driver behavior.	D．It avoids involving too many people.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Walking Down Beaches or Sidewalks?	B．Hardening Roads Helps Save Energy.
C．How to Cut Down Carbon Emissions	D．A System of Hardening Roads.

5 . How did the man go to meet the woman?

A．By taxi.

B．By bus.

C．On foot.

6 . Last Thursday, the world’s first self-driving, electric container ship made its first trip to Oslo, Norway. The ship’s owners aim to cut pollution by transporting large quantities of products by water on the southern coastal of Norway instead of by truck.

The ship, called the Yara Burkeland, is owned by Yara, a company that makes fertilizer (肥料). The company wanted to develop a zero-emission (零排放的) ship that was completely self-driving. Yara worked with a ship-building company called Vard and the technology company Kongsberg to develop the ship. The company says that in the future everything, including loading and unloading the ship, will be handled completely automatically.

The Yara Birkeland can carry 120 large containers like those pulled by trucks. But the ship is fully electric and is powered by batteries. The company says the ship has roughly as many batteries as 100 electric cars. The electricity that will be used to recharge the batteries is from renewable hydroelectric (水力发电) sources, so there’s no pollution at all.

The Yara Birkeland won’t usually be going to Oslo, and it won’t be traveling far, either. It will travel along a regular route from Yara’s factory in Porsgrunn up to the port in Brevik. By road, that’s a distance of about 14 kilometers. Yara normally uses diesel-powered (柴油动力的) trucks to move fertilizer between these locations.

Now, with the Yara Birkeland moving huge amounts of fertilizer by water, the company expects to suspend 40,000 yearly trips by diesel-powered trucks. That will prevent about one million kilograms of carbon emissions every year.

In the future, as an autonomous ship, the Yara Birkeland is expected to operate without any human involved. Yara plans to spend the next two years improving and testing the ship. But, as with many autonomous cars, the ship will continue to have humans watching over even if it is driving by itself.

1. Why will the products be delivered by ship rather than by truck?

A．To reduce the transport costs.	B．To shorten their delivery time.
C．Out of environmental concern.	D．Out of concern for their safety.

2. What can be learned about the Yara Bikeland?

A．It uses natural gas as power.	B．It has more than one developers.
C．It is a completely self-driving ship.	D．It belongs to the government.

3. How does the author mainly introduce the ship and its influence?

A．By listing figures.	B．By giving examples.
C．By presenting reasons.	D．By following time order.

4. What does the underlined word “suspend” in Paragraph 5 mean?

A．Roll out.

B．Stick to.

C．Cut out.

D．Turn to.

7 . To get from New York City (NYC) to Chicago, there are several transportation options. Consider the pros and cons of each option to choose the best one for you.

	Time	Cost	Best for
Train	20 hours	from $70	seeing scenery
Flight	3 hours	from $48, but varies widely	getting there quickly
Bus	19 hours	from $38	travelers on a budget
Car	12 hours	from $60	stopping for attractions

By train

Traveling by train from NYC to Chicago is a relatively long journey. Trains go from Penn Station in Manhattan to Union Station. The route is serviced by Amtrak, via the Lake Shore Limited or Cardinal to Chicago or by changing trains either in Washington, D. C. or Pittsburgh. You can purchase tickets in advance by Amtrak or in person at Penn Station.

By plane

Flying to Chicago is the fastest and most convenient way to travel there from NYC. The major carriers include JetBlue, Delta, United, and American Airlines, as well as budget carriers including Southwest and Spirit Airlines.

By bus

Bus service from NYC to Chicago is a long journey, too. Greyhound is the only company that services this route and buses depart from Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan and arrive at Union Station. These buses offer Wi-Fi service.

By car

You'll drive through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and then along the Michigan and Indiana border until you go around the southern tip of Lake Michigan and back up into Chicago. While this trip is long, the most significant advantage of traveling by car is that there are a few interesting places to stop along the way.

1. How should you go to Chicago from NYC if you want to save money?

A．By train.

B．By plane.

C．By bus.

D．By car.

2. At which place can you buy train tickets to Chicago?

A．Union Station.

B．Penn Station.

C．Delta.

D．Greyhound.

3. What is the advantage of driving to Chicago from NYC?

A．Saving more money.

B．Spending less time.

C．Stopping to enjoy scenery.

D．Staying in NYC for a long time.

9 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Where does Michelle Ray come from?

A．A middle-sized city.

B．A small town.

C．A big city.

2. Which place would Michelle Ray take her visitors to for shopping?

A．The Zen Garden.

B．The Highlands.

C．The Red River area.

3. What does Michelle Ray do for complete quiet?

A．Go camping.

B．Study in a library.

C．Read at home.

4. What are the speakers talking about?

A．Late-night shopping.

B．Asian food

C．Louisville

10 . Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming dangers, scientists claim. The ultra-fast mobile Internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.

Several car manufacturers are already integrating 5G into their vehicles, including as a tool to welcome the coming of self-driving vehicles. Experts believe the high-speed connection will also improve the reliability and capability of automated vehicles to the point where they will be safer than the manual cars being driven today. They predict the number of road traffic accidents—which according to the World Health Organization (WHO) account for more than 1.3 million deaths and up to 50 million people injured worldwide every year—will drop thoroughly as a result.

Dr Dimitrios Liarokapis, a member of the research group, said: "With the help of 5G, an early warning system that alerts (给……报警）drivers is possible within the next few years. Cars that are close enough to the danger area will send warning messages to other cars around them using short-range communication technologies, but also to cars further away using 5G, fast and reliably. Then those cars will transmit the same information to cars near them and so on, forming a joined-up, multi-vehicle communication chain that stretches far and wide."

Automotive giant Ford is already working on connected cars. Earlier this year it revealed its intention to fit 80 percent of its 2020 vehicles with technology that warns drivers about upcoming road accidents, bad weather and traffic jams. The system pools data from other connected road users, emergency services and the authorities and sends it from the cloud directly to the car. Alerts are shown on the car's dashboard display warning the driver about what lies around the corner.

1. How can 5G help reduce road accidents?

A．By offering the fast mobile Internet.

B．By helping drivers overcome dangers.

C．By offering practical safety programs.

D．By helping WHO calculate traffic accidents.

2. What is the function of the communication chain?

A．To track other drivers.

B．To send warning messages.

C．To collect drivers' information.

D．To send the traffic situation to the police.

3. What can we expect of the cars in the future?

A．They will be safer.

B．They may be bigger.

C．They may replace other vehicles.

D．They will be more personalized.

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Cars of Ford are the most intelligent.

B．Warning messages are shown on phones.

C．Ford is the first producer to use 5G.

D．Connected cars are equipped with 5G.