4 . When you walk on a sandy beach, it takes more energy than walking down a sidewalk—because the weight of your body pushes into the sand. It turns out that the same thing is true for vehicles driving on roads.

“The weight of the vehicles creates a very shallow indentation in the pavement—and it makes it such that it's continuously driving up a very shallow hill,” said Jeremy Gregory, a scientist at M. I. T...He modeled with his teammates how much energy could be saved-and greenhouse gases avoided—by simply hardening the nation's roads and highways.

And they found that hardening 10 percent of the nation's roads every year could prevent emissions equal to 440 megatons of carbon dioxide over the next 5 decades—that amount is equal to how much CO, you'd spare the planet by keeping a billion barrels of oil in the ground or by growing 7 billion trees for a decade. It reduces 0.5% of projected transportation emissions over that time period.

As for how to harden roads, Gregory says you could combine small amounts of certain fiber with high technology into paving materials. Or you could pave with specially-made concrete, which is harder than ordinary construction materials.

This system could also be a way to shave carbon emissions without some of the usual barriers. “Usually, when it comes to reducing emissions in the transportation department, you're talking about changing policies related to vehicles and also driver behavior, which involves millions and millions of people—as opposed to changing the way we design and preserve our pavements. That's just on the order of thousands of people who are working in transportation agencies.” And when it comes to improving our streets and highways-those agencies are where you might say the rubber meets the road.

1. How does the author develop Paragraph 3?

A．By giving examples.	B．By making classification.
C．By listing figures	D．By analyzing causes.

2. What does Gregory suggest for hardening roads?

A．Mixing fiber with special concrete.	B．Changing regular paving materials.
C．Creating hi-tech computer models.	D．Using ordinary building materials.

3. What is an advantage of the road-hardening system?

A．It reduces construction costs.	B．It profits transportation agencies.
C．It regulates driver behavior.	D．It avoids involving too many people.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Walking Down Beaches or Sidewalks?	B．Hardening Roads Helps Save Energy.
C．How to Cut Down Carbon Emissions	D．A System of Hardening Roads.

5 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. What is the number for flight information?

A．0800-0000-123.

B．0870-0000-123.

C．0870-0000-132.

2. What information can be got by ringing 0845-7484-950?

A．Train times.

B．Ship times.

C．Coach times.

3. For what problems can people dial 0800-8877-66?

A．Problems in the forest.

B．Problems on the road.

C．Problems at home.

4. What can the Tourist Authority help the tourists find?

A．Where to travel.

B．Useful numbers.

C．Accommodation.

6 . Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming dangers, scientists claim. The ultra-fast mobile Internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.

Several car manufacturers are already integrating 5G into their vehicles, including as a tool to welcome the coming of self-driving vehicles. Experts believe the high-speed connection will also improve the reliability and capability of automated vehicles to the point where they will be safer than the manual cars being driven today. They predict the number of road traffic accidents—which according to the World Health Organization (WHO) account for more than 1.3 million deaths and up to 50 million people injured worldwide every year—will drop thoroughly as a result.

Dr Dimitrios Liarokapis, a member of the research group, said: "With the help of 5G, an early warning system that alerts (给……报警）drivers is possible within the next few years. Cars that are close enough to the danger area will send warning messages to other cars around them using short-range communication technologies, but also to cars further away using 5G, fast and reliably. Then those cars will transmit the same information to cars near them and so on, forming a joined-up, multi-vehicle communication chain that stretches far and wide."

Automotive giant Ford is already working on connected cars. Earlier this year it revealed its intention to fit 80 percent of its 2020 vehicles with technology that warns drivers about upcoming road accidents, bad weather and traffic jams. The system pools data from other connected road users, emergency services and the authorities and sends it from the cloud directly to the car. Alerts are shown on the car's dashboard display warning the driver about what lies around the corner.

1. How can 5G help reduce road accidents?

A．By offering the fast mobile Internet.

B．By helping drivers overcome dangers.

C．By offering practical safety programs.

D．By helping WHO calculate traffic accidents.

2. What is the function of the communication chain?

A．To track other drivers.

B．To send warning messages.

C．To collect drivers' information.

D．To send the traffic situation to the police.

3. What can we expect of the cars in the future?

A．They will be safer.

B．They may be bigger.

C．They may replace other vehicles.

D．They will be more personalized.

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Cars of Ford are the most intelligent.

B．Warning messages are shown on phones.

C．Ford is the first producer to use 5G.

D．Connected cars are equipped with 5G.

7 . To get from New York City (NYC) to Chicago, there are several transportation options. Consider the pros and cons of each option to choose the best one for you.

	Time	Cost	Best for
Train	20 hours	from $70	seeing scenery
Flight	3 hours	from $48, but varies widely	getting there quickly
Bus	19 hours	from $38	travelers on a budget
Car	12 hours	from $60	stopping for attractions

By train

Traveling by train from NYC to Chicago is a relatively long journey. Trains go from Penn Station in Manhattan to Union Station. The route is serviced by Amtrak, via the Lake Shore Limited or Cardinal to Chicago or by changing trains either in Washington, D. C. or Pittsburgh. You can purchase tickets in advance by Amtrak or in person at Penn Station.

By plane

Flying to Chicago is the fastest and most convenient way to travel there from NYC. The major carriers include JetBlue, Delta, United, and American Airlines, as well as budget carriers including Southwest and Spirit Airlines.

By bus

Bus service from NYC to Chicago is a long journey, too. Greyhound is the only company that services this route and buses depart from Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan and arrive at Union Station. These buses offer Wi-Fi service.

By car

You'll drive through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and then along the Michigan and Indiana border until you go around the southern tip of Lake Michigan and back up into Chicago. While this trip is long, the most significant advantage of traveling by car is that there are a few interesting places to stop along the way.

1. How should you go to Chicago from NYC if you want to save money?

A．By train.

B．By plane.

C．By bus.

D．By car.

2. At which place can you buy train tickets to Chicago?

A．Union Station.

B．Penn Station.

C．Delta.

D．Greyhound.

3. What is the advantage of driving to Chicago from NYC?

A．Saving more money.

B．Spending less time.

C．Stopping to enjoy scenery.

D．Staying in NYC for a long time.

8 . During these days, the United States is full of cars. There are still some families without cars, but some families have two or more ones.     1    They are also a necessary part of life.

Cars are used for business. They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have no other way to get to their jobs. When salesmen are sent to different parts of the city, they have to drive in order to carry their products.     2    

Sometimes small children must be driven to school. In some cities school buses are used only when children live more than a mile away from the school.     3       One mother drives on Mondays taking her own children and the neighbors’ as well. Another mother drives on Tuesdays, another on Wednesdays, and so on.     4       Men also form car pools, with three or four men taking turns driving to the place where they all work.

    5     So more car pools should be formed in order to put fewer cars on the road and use less gas. Too many cars will lead to some problems such as accidents or environmental pollution. Something will have to be done about the use of cars. And the government should encourage the citizens to decrease the use of their cars as much as they can.

A．Too many cars are being driven.

B．This is called forming a car pool.

C．Cars are used for more than pleasure.

D．You can choose your car according to the use of it.

E．Farmers have to drive into the city in order to get supplies.

F．Still, it is not safe for young children to take the school bus.

G．When children are too young to walk too far, their mothers take turns driving them to school.

9 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What makes the man give up taking the 10:30 flight?

A．No ticket available.

B．Improper time.

C．Expensive tickets.

2. When will the man leave for New York?

A．On Friday night.

B．On Saturday morning.

C．On Saturday noon.

3. Who will go with the man?

A．His colleague.

B．His wife.

C．His boss.

4. How much are the tickets?

A．$120.

B．$300.

C．$240.

10 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What makes the man give up taking the 10:30 flight?

A．No ticket available.

B．Improper time.

C．Expensive tickets.

2. When will the man leave for New York?.

A．On Friday night.

B．On Saturday morning.

C．On Saturday noon.

3. Who will go with the man?

A．His colleague.

B．His wife.

C．His boss.

4. How much are the tickets?

A．$120.

B．$300.

C．$240.