1 . At what age should children be given the choice as to whether their parents should use their names and images on Facebook? I asked my 15-year-old daughter about her _______ on the way to school just as she took a really _______ photo of me driving. “You don’t want me to _______ it on Instagram (a photo-sharing app), right Mom? You can have _______ until I’m old enough to have my own account (账号), but I know you’re not putting anything out there which would _______ me.” I explained I didn’t use her real _______, but referred to her on social media as “Bean”. She rolled her eyes and informed me that her life was over and she could never _______ her friends again.

Although I love seeing my friends’ pictures of their _______ on Facebook, I know children become old enough to take control of their _______ as they become young adults. Given the right ________, they can manage their social media accounts properly. When this ________, I am sure my daughter will give me some guidelines — and I’ll respect them.

If my daughter asked me not to post a photo of her, I’d ________ her requirement whatever age she was. She goes on Facebook using my account. The most ________ thing she’d be exposed to (接触到) on my Facebook would be a hard-to-swallow news article, like the bodies of refugee (难民) children washing up on beaches. ________, we’d talk about it. I know my daughter ________ me to protect her from embarrassment and danger. I know I’m setting a(n) ________ of how to behave online and I take that role ________. My daughter and I ________. We talk about online safety and how to use blocks and parental control ________ to ensure her safety and enjoyment.

Bean cut out that horrible (可怕的) photo and didn’t post it ________ I asked her not to. We respect each other’s boundaries.

1.

A．experiences

B．thoughts

C．scores

D．hobbies

2.

A．terrible

B．useless

C．clear

D．amazing

3.

A．spend

B．learn

C．spread

D．search

4.

A．fortune

B．patience

C．fancy

D．control

5.

A．embarrass

B．puzzle

C．prevent

D．shock

6.

A．email

B．image

C．address

D．name

7.

A．make

B．lose

C．face

D．respect

8.

A．conditions

B．children

C．achievements

D．pets

9.

A．desire

B．sharing

C．behaviour

D．money

10.

A．guidance

B．information

C．answer

D．explanation

11.

A．appears

B．counts

C．happens

D．changes

12.

A．ignore

B．exchange

C．meet

D．reserve

13.

A．unfair

B．impossible

C．common

D．inappropriate

14.

A．However

B．In addition

C．Therefore

D．In turn

15.

A．allow

B．inspire

C．warn

D．trust

16.

A．goal

B．example

C．record

D．limit

17.

A．softly

B．differently

C．shortly

D．seriously

18.

A．continue

B．concentrate

C．compete

D．communicate

19.

A．power

B．software

C．choice

D．affection

20.

A．until

B．although

C．if

D．because

2 . When you are trying to make an important decision, do you always consider all of the possibilities? We tend to think that we take all the choices into consideration, but the reality is that we often overlook some possibilities. In some cases, our attention becomes focused on just a few of the possibilities and we ignore the rest. This tendency represents a type of cognitive bias (认知偏向) known as attentional bias. This affects not only the things that we notice in the environment, but the decisions that we make based upon what we have noticed.

So why do we pay more attention to certain stimuli (刺激) and ignore others? Some experts believe that this tendency might have an evolutionary basis. In order to ensure survival, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they paid greater attention to risky things in the environment and ignored things that did not present a threat. If you have ever been in a frightening situation and experienced what is often referred to as “tunnel vision” in which you became hyper-aware (超感知的) and focused on a specific threat, you can probably see how this tendency can be helpful.

Researchers have found that emotional states can influence attentional bias. Anxious individuals tend to exhibit attentional bias early during the information process, while depressed individuals usually show attentional bias when stimuli are presented for a long period of time.

One method that has been used to study attentional biases is known as the Stroop test. In this test, participants are asked to name the colour of a printed word. In experiments, participants are shown words that are either emotionally negative or emotionally neutral.

“Attentional bias is shown if participants take longer to name the colours of emotionally negative words than neutral words on the assumption that the increased naming time occurs because words which show subjective feelings have to be attended to more than words which don’t,” explain Eysenck and Keane in their textbook Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Primarily, the participants pay more attention to emotionally negative words, so it takes them longer to name the colours of these words than those words that require less attention.

As you might imagine, this type of bias can have a dramatic influence on the decision-making process and can lead people to make bad or wrong choices. Researchers have found that people who have eating disorders tend to pay more attention to stimuli related to food while individuals experiencing drug addictions (上瘾) tend to be hyper-sensitive to drug-related information. For individuals struggling to recover from an eating disorder or addiction, this tendency to pay attention to certain signals while discounting others can make recovery much more difficult.

Attentional bias can also have an influence on memories. Since people can become overly focused on a single stimulus, they might ignore other aspects of the situation. When recollecting the event later on, memories may be distorted (扭曲的), incorrect, or incomplete due to this bias.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Our ancestors had more serious attentional bias than us.

B．The Stroop test was created by Eysenck and Keane.

C．Everyone will experience tunnel vision in his life.

D．It’s difficult for us to avoid attentional bias.

2. According to the passage, one reason for attentional bias is _____.

A．emotion	B．environment
C．evolution	D．cognition

3. The Stroop test is used to find out _____.

A．how long attentional bias can last

B．whether a person has attentional bias

C．emotions’ influences on attentional bias

D．the relationship between colour and attentional bias

4. What does the underlined word “neutral” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A．Avoiding expressing any strong opinion.

B．Obvious and clear to understand.

C．Expecting good things.

D．Not in use any more.

5. According to the passage, attentional bias can _____.

A．help people make decisions

B．cause people to eat more food

C．make people lose their memories

D．prevent addicts removing their bad habits

6. What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To talk about attentional bias.

B．To show the effect of attentional bias.

C．To present research on attentional bias.

D．To introduce the cause of attentional bias.

3 . In China, square dancing is an exercise routine performed to music in squares or parks. Recent years have ____ the growing popularity of square dancing among elderly people in China, ____ it provides them with a good platform to ____ and make new friends in their ordinary lives. Although the ____ has roots in both ancient and modern Chinese history, today the Chinese hold ____ views towards it. Some people, the young in particular, argue that it has disturbed their peaceful lives.

As for ____ citizens, square dancing is relatively easy to learn compared to traditional ____ and thus it wins their ____. Moreover, practicing square dancing doesn’t need ____ equipment. All it needs are open ground and loudspeakers. ____, it can be found across the country.

___, many young people have showed their ____. They think that square dancing   ___ too much space in their neighborhood and ____ their life. In fact, it is the noise   ___ square dancing that young people ____ most.

Therefore, concessions (让步) should be made by both ____ so that they can live in ____ with each other.

People taking part in square dancing are expected to dance in areas far away from residential communities (居民区), while the young are called on to show more ____ of square dancing. They will also become old and one day may be one of the dancers they dislike now.

In addition, the government should ____ more suitable areas where the elderly can do their favourite activities.

1.

A．proved

B．witnessed

C．developed

D．advanced

2.

A．since

B．once

C．until

D．though

3.

A．relax

B．retire

C．react

D．recover

4.

A．process

B．performance

C．service

D．practice

5.

A．unique

B．general

C．complex

D．wrong

6.

A．local

B．honest

C．responsible

D．senior

7.

A．customs

B．dances

C．approaches

D．entertainments

8.

A．pleasure

B．celebration

C．encouragement

D．love

9.

A．comfortable

B．remote

C．special

D．regular

10.

A．As a result

B．For example

C．In other words

D．In particular

11.

A．Still

B．Therefore

C．However

D．Otherwise

12.

A．cautiousness

B．determination

C．dissatisfaction

D．madness

13.

A．removes

B．occupies

C．controls

D．divides

14.

A．supports

B．ignores

C．accepts

D．disturbs

15.

A．with

B．into

C．against

D．by

16.

A．doubt

B．search

C．regret

D．dislike

17.

A．positions

B．parties

C．situations

D．hands

18.

A．connection

B．hope

C．harmony

D．independence

19.

A．tolerance

B．expectation

C．spirit

D．appeal

20.

A．save

B．separate

C．fix

D．spare

4 . With the development of technology, more and more small electronic devices have been replaced by smart phones. Media channels, including newspapers, magazines and television shows, are also suffering. So who cares if people watch less regular TV or read fewer printed publications?

The answer is: advertisers. With all the traditional channels disappearing, how are advertisers supposed to reach customers? Banner (横幅) ads on our devices are ugly and disturbing. To overcome various digital problems, the ad industry has been serving up a sneaky (鬼鬼祟祟) solution: make ads look less like ads and more like the articles, videos and posts around them. An ad that matches the typeface, design and layout of the real article feels less like a tacky intrusion (俗气的入侵).

This trend, called native advertising, has taken over the Internet; even the Websites such as NYTimes.com and Wall-Street.com are using it. Social media companies have signed on to it as well. On Facebook and Twitter, every 10th item or so is an ad; only the small subtitle “Sponsored (赞助)” appearing in light gray type tells you which posts are ads.

Overall, native ads have been a huge success. On NYTimes.com, readers spend as much time on the ads as on the articles. But won’t dressing up ads to make them look like reported articles mislead people? Sometimes, yes. An Interactive Advertising Bureau study found that only 41 percent of general news readers could tell such ads apart from real news stories. And it’s getting worse. Advertisers worry that the “Sponsored” label discourages readers from clicking, so some Websites are making the labels smaller and less noticeable. Sometimes the labels disappear entirely.

At a recent talk about the difficulty of advertising in the new, small-screen world, I heard an ad manager tell an impressive story. She had gotten a musical performance — paid for by her soft drink client — perfectly inserted (插入) into a TV awards show, without any moment of blackness before or after. “It looked just like part of the real broadcast!” she recounted happily.

But how, then, could viewers tell the ad from the independently produced material? A participant rolled his eyes. “People are clever. They know!” he responded.

Look, it is great that native advertising works — publications and programs and free social networks have to stay solvent (有偿付能力的) somehow. But if advertisers truly believe in their material, they should have no problem labeling it as advertising.

For now native ads continue to be a fashion — with no laws governing them and no labeling standard. But that could change; the Federal Trade Commission has begun considering regulation. If the new generation of digital advertisers clean up their act according to the regulation, native ads might become more acceptable.
1. What can we learn about native ads according to the passage?

A．They have overcome the problems of banner ads.

B．They are clearly labelled as ads in Websites.

C．They are a special type of articles.

D．They are used by all Websites.

2. The ad manager’s story in Paragraph 5 is used to show _____.

A．it’s difficult to advertise in the small-screen world

B．it’s difficult to tell native ads from what they have been inserted in

C．it’s easy to insert ads into a TV awards show

D．it’s easy to deal with the “sponsored” label

3. In the author’s view, the future of native ads is _____.

A．bright	B．discouraging
C．uncertain	D．time-dependent

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．How to advertise in the digital age.

B．Difficulties facing native ads.

C．Truth in digital advertising.

D．What native ads are.

5 . According to the most recent census (人口普查) figures, nearly half of women between the ages of 15 and 44 don’t have children. Half of women is a lot of women, and yet, advertisers continue to behave as though they don’t exist. “The majority of marketing talks to adult women like they are all moms or want to be mothers,” Adrianna Bevilaqua, chief creative officer at M Booth, a public relations company, told The New York Times.

Industry experts explained to The Times that the absence of childless women in marketing materials is likely the result of inertia (惯性). Advertisers have long targeted moms because they buy their goods. In 2015, American moms were in charge of $3.4 trillion worth of spending decisions, which makes them the largest consumer group in the United States.

While they might not have the collective spending power of moms — many of whom, I suspect, would be very happy to give up some   power of choosing laundry detergent (洗衣粉) in exchange for power of choosing something else with equal pay — childless women also have the potential to improve a business’ bottom line. One report has found that they spend twice as much on beauty products as women with children, and spend 60 percent more time abroad. The Times also notes that they spend 35 percent more on groceries than moms.

Of course, advertising has had a long time to adapt to the ongoing change in gender (性别) roles, and still, brands has made sexist ads that many find degrading (降低品格的). And even when brands do try to get with the times, as is the case with Dove and Pantene, many women still think them unpleasant. These critics are angry about the way such campaigns overstate female empowerment when, in reality, such empowerment is far from being fully realized.

Earlier this year, ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi researched moms’ understanding of their representation in advertising and found that they weren’t happy either. They surveyed nearly 8,000 women from around the world, the majority of whom responded with feelings of frustration (挫败) at the outdated mom images, including the busy mom and the saintly (神圣的) and perfectionist mom we so often see. Above all, they resented the view of motherhood as a job. “Motherhood is about being, not doing,” said Mary Mills, worldwide director of strategic intelligence from Saatchi & Saatchi, when describing the findings.

So as it turns out, both childless women and moms are motivated by the same desire. They want advertisers to let go of motherhood as an all-consuming identity for women and instead present them as the varied and unique beings they’ve long known themselves to be.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Few American women do not want to have children.

B．Moms are happy because they are targeted by advertisers.

C．Moms were the largest consumer group in America in 2015.

D．Half of American women have no children according to the recent census figures.

2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

A．Childless women spend mainly on beauty products and travel.

B．A report about women’s spending power has been produced.

C．Moms spend less on groceries than childless women.

D．Childless women’s spending power is not lower than that of moms.

3. What does the underlined word “resented” mean in Paragraph 5?

A．Respected.	B．Hated.
C．Misunderstood.	D．Formed.

4. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Moms’ representation in advertising has been researched by ad agencies.

B．Most American women want to be seen as unique beings.

C．Advertisers should pay attention to childless women.

D．Advertisers misunderstand moms’ images.

6 . I have just returned from the 3rd Annual International Weight Stigma (羞耻) conference held this year in Iceland. I was invited to give a(n) ____, as I’ve been doing research on weight and health and sharing my findings for the last five years. I   ___ expecting to have a pleasant time and learn a few things.

What I learned ____ me. I learned something about myself that I had no idea was true.

As a woman considered fat and a(n) ____ speaker on the topic of weight and stigma, I thought I was more or less immune (免疫的) to fat hatred. I had a few examples of weight-based discrimination (歧视) ____ my way. And they usually didn’t ____ me because I knew they came from a place of ignorance and hatred.          What I didn’t know was that despite all my knowledge and ____ and relative privilege (特权), I had ____ been affected by discrimination every day. But somehow I didn’t think weight stigma ____ to me. I thought my knowledge protected me from having such ____.

However, I was ____, and understanding this has made me think about the millions of people in this world   who ____ far more serious stigma and discrimination than I have experienced. I knew how discrimination   could ____ us physically and psychologically. But I didn’t ____ know how serious the hurt could be until I attended the conference. And knowing that has ____ the way I understand myself and helped me I see stigma and discrimination in a ____ sense.

The world will ____ offer stigma to those who are different. ____ as several speakers at the conference said, difference doesn’t have to be connected with deviance (不正常). We should accept one another’s differences ____ hating them. We’re all different. And the way we ____ others’ differences can actually change their lives — for good or ill.1.

A．hand

B．talk

C．example

D．interview

2.

A．went

B．stayed

C．continued

D．refused

3.

A．scared

B．annoyed

C．shocked

D．embarrassed

4.

A．independent

B．humorous

C．serious

D．frequent

5.

A．come

B．make

C．work

D．fight

6.

A．interest

B．upset

C．confuse

D．persuade

7.

A．character

B．research

C．attention

D．comfort

8.

A．even

B．also

C．otherwise

D．still

9.

A．applied

B．replied

C．occurred

D．compared

10.

A．feeling

B．failure

C．attack

D．darkness

11.

A．wise

B．safe

C．wrong

D．selfish

12.

A．agree with

B．start with

C．live with

D．play with

13.

A．trick

B．hurt

C．punish

D．limit

14.

A．slowly

B．truly

C．recently

D．shortly

15.

A．changed

B．interrupted

C．suited

D．balanced

16.

A．strict

B．wide

C．common

D．strange

17.

A．thus

B．then

C．together

D．always

18.

A．But

B．And

C．So

D．Or

19.

A．through

B．before

C．without

D．during

20.

A．share

B．find

C．forgive

D．treat

7 . At a school in North Carolina, Monica Mitchell-Giraudo, a French teacher, instructs 19 sixth-graders to gather into a circle.

“Okay, everyone, let's take a few mindful breaths, and think about our gratitude (感激) for Amy, who brought us apples for snack today,” says Monica. “What do you notice?”

“I notice my stomach is already growling (做隆隆声),” laughs Ben.

“My mouth is watering,” says David.

Next, the students hold and examine the apples. They pick up the fruit and feel it. Then they bring the apples to their noses, using their sense of smell to enjoy the flowery smell of their snack before taking the first juicy bites.

“Excellent, class,” says Monica. “Before you eat the apple, ask yourself whether or not you're hungry. Remember, you don't have to eat if your body isn't giving you a hunger signal.”

These students are learning a practice called “Mindful Eating”, which builds the children's awareness (意识) of important physical signals like hunger and fullness.

The positive feedback from the children shows how much these newly learned life skills are helping them.

“Mindful eating helps me think about the food that goes into my body,” says Jamie, a student in Monica's class. “I can make better and healthier food choices.”

Unfortunately, these kinds of courses are in short supply because many educators believe that social and emotional programs are too expensive or time-consuming (耗时的). To save costs and reduce staffing problems, prevention programs like The Body Positive are brought into the schools. The program teaches a series of self-exploration exercises that help educators examine their feelings and attitudes about food so that they can pass on these messages to their students, too.

Kathy Laughlin, director of counseling at San Domenico High School, is a fan of the training. “Since we began the program, I have not seen as many girls with problems related to body hatred,” she says. “Mindful eating practice is one of the best ways to help students develop a healthy mind and body connection — one which will help them for years to come.”

1. What did Monica ask her students to do as soon as they were gathered?

A．Express thanks to Amy.

B．Feel a need for the food.

C．Share their eating experiences.

D．Think about the state of hunger.

2. What's the purpose of The Body Positive?

A．To stop eating disorders.

B．To train educators in mindful eating.

C．To change students' attitudes towards eating.

D．To create present moment awareness when eating.

3. What is Kathy's opinion on the emotional program?

A．It is a waste of time.

B．It is hardly practical.

C．It costs a lot of money.

D．It has long-term significance.

8 . Ridgewood is a small town 20 miles from Manhattan, New York. It is a quiet town, perfect for raising children away from the rapid pace of the city. However, besides hours of homework, many Ridgewood children have too many after-school activities — from swimming to piano classes. Some kids compare their life to that of a New York general manager who has an 80-hour workweek.

Children's schedules filled with homework and activities made a lot of townspeople worried, so the town decided to start a movement called “Ridgewood Family Night — Ready, Set, Relax!” The mayor (市长) made a public statement, calling for a town-wide night for families to do nothing. And schools and clubs agreed to support the movement so families could relax and get together.

Some parents like to talk about their childhood, one without so many scheduled after-school activities. As kids, they just went out to play with neighborhood friends after school. However, almost all these parents take their children to their regularly scheduled activities. These fathers and mothers feel it is their duty to make sure their children are prepared to survive in today's high-pressure work environment. They are afraid that their children can't enter the “right” universities and won't succeed in a more and more competitive world.

However, it seems that Family Night worked, at least to a certain degree. Cars moved freely around Ridgewood's normally busy downtown streets. Some families ate supper together for the first time in months. One family watched home movies of when the children were little, baked cookies and played games together.

At first, some people were excited that they could take back their lives. But sadly, few families now believe that one night will change them. Nearly all of the townspeople are sure that they will fall back into the old habit.

1. How can people benefit from Family Night?

A．They can learn and share knowledge.

B．They can rest and enjoy family time.

C．They have more time to discuss family matters.

D．They have enough time to talk about schoolwork.

2. What can we learn about the movement?

A．It is held once a week.

B．It was partly successful.

C．It first started in Manhattan.

D．It needed the mayor's support.

3. How do most Ridgewood people look at Family Night?

A．It won't change their lifestyle.

B．It will help take back their lives.

C．It can't be accepted by the public.

D．It may help break kids' bad habits.