3 . What is leadership, anyway? Such a simple question, and yet it continues to bother popular consultants. I’ve written several books on leadership for employee engagement, and yet it occurred to me that I never actually paused to define leadership.     1    

Leadership has nothing to do with seniority (资历) or one’s position in a company. Too many talk about a company’s leadership referring to the senior executives in the organization. They are just that, senior executives.     2     Hopefully you find it there, but there are no guarantees.

    3     Similar to the point above, just because you have a C-level title, doesn’t automatically make you a “leader.” In all of my talks I stress the fact that you don’t need a title to lead. In fact, you can be a leader in your place of worship, your neighborhood, in your family, all without having a title.

Leadership has nothing to do with personal qualities. Say the word “leader” and most people think of a bossy, take-charge charming individual. We often think of icons from history like President Lincoln.     4     We don’t need extroverted (外向的) charming qualities to practice leadership. And those with charm don’t automatically lead.

Leadership isn’t management. This is the big one. Leadership and management are not the same. You have 15 people in your charge? Good for you, hopefully you are a good manager. Good management is needed. Managers need to plan, measure, monitor, coordinate, solve, hire, fire, and so many other things.     5    

4 . Fish tongues, harvested by children

Cod (鳕鱼) tongue is a famous dish in Norway and beyond. Around 80 tons are cut every year from fish caught in Norway’s northern waters. Softer in taste than the flesh of the fish, cod tongue melts in the mouth with a hint of saltiness. It is nature’s gift, says Jan Erik, vice-president of the Norwegian fishermen’s association.

Liv Eva, a 35­year­old who works for a research institute, says that when she was a girl, men and boys dominated the cod-tongue-cutting trade on Lofoten, a Norwegian island. This year, she was happy to see a grandmother and granddaughter selling tongues.

In other ways, however, the art of tungeskjæring has hardly changed over the centuries. The delicate work of removing the tongue from an already beheaded (去头的) fish is reserved mainly for children. The practice serves as a kind of career preparation for would-be fishers, and it pays handsomely. The tongues are valuable, so an hour’s work can pay 1,200 kronor ($143); not bad if you’re six. Modesty guides attitudes in Lofoten and other northern parts, so it wouldn’t be accepted to spend the cash on something wasteful, says Liv Eva. Youngsters tend to save up for a fishing boat, a car or a deposit on a home.

Not everyone gets involved. Those with ambitions keep their distance; tongue-cutting is something of a fisherman’s rough life. And citizens in Norway were upset by a recent documentary showing the children at work in their blood-stained overalls. “Child labor!” they cried. The government looked into the issue, and chose to respect their culture and tradition. A bigger threat to the industry is that stocks are low. From April 27th, 2021 Norwegian cod caught in coastal waters will lose its sustainability rating from the Marine Conservation Council, a global fish watchdog.

The difference between a part-time bookseller and a professional one isn't a clear line in the sand. At one time, a professional bookseller might have been defined as someone     1    primary occupation was selling books. Changes in both technology and the market    2    （influence) that a little, with the Internet allowing anyone to list books for sale.

A professional bookseller is an individual who has thoroughly studied how to identify books and     3    （accurate)describe their condition.That knowledge can be gained by years of experience working for another bookseller or as     4     buyer and collector.

A professional bookseller     5     (value) their customers even more than the     6    （sale) of individual books. The professional is in the business for the long term. Individual books in their list come and go,     7     the relationship with their customers gets closer.

A professional bookseller pairs their knowledge of books with salesmanship,     8    (help) communicate the value of a book to potential customers. The ideal description of a book combines an accurate list of important features along with a     9     (detail) description of the condition of the individual copy. There's plenty of room in an online book description for a professional bookseller to stress on the     10     (important) of a particular work.

8 . Fatima grew up in rural Gohr Province, where there was no schooling available to girls. But she insisted on listening to BBC radio, which she could ________ when high enough in the hills.

“My sisters were forced to get married. I decided that I would not continue in their ________. That was why I decided to ________,” Fatima says.

She joined Facebook groups for history fans. ________ of people who only related Afghanistan to conflicts, Fatima started writing ________ about places that foreigners might not know about. Fatima started getting ________ from online friends. A man reached out to her saying he was going to be________ in Afghanistan and asking whether she was interested in showing him around in Herat. She said yes. Later, he recommended her to someone else and ________ Fatima came to the attention of a travel agency. The company ________ her in late 2020, and she became her country’s first female ________ tour guide.

Of course, being a ________ is never easy. Fatima says many people have told her that it’s too dangerous for a woman to work, especially if it means ________ with men one-on-one. Fatima says that the ________ of her employers and the people she has met through giving tours is what keeps her ________. There’s also the implication（暗示）of what could happen if she does________:“If I give up, then other women will never start.”