1 . PRACTITIONERS
| Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. | James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. |
| Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. | Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. |
| A．Doing teaching jobs. | B．Being hired as physicians. |
| C．Performing surgery. | D．Being banned from medicine. |
| A．She wrote a book. | B．She went through trials. |
| C．She worked as a dentist. | D．She had formal education. |
| A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania. | B．Tan Yunxian. |
| C．James Barry. | D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler. |
2 . Earlier this week, I watched some online videos that were both sickening and inspiring. They showed a team of surgeons conducting colorectal, cardiac and neurological procedures—scalpels, blood and all. But instead of crowding around the patient in an operating theatre, as shown in TV shows such as ER, the surgeons were scattered: some were beside the patient; others were many miles away, guiding their colleagues with a (virtual) hand, thanks to augmented reality.
Call this, if you like, Zoom for surgeons—instead of conducting an office meeting via video, they are inserting a scalpel into a brain. Or as Naine Hachach-Haram, a plastic surgeon in the UK’s NIS and the founder of Proximie, the platform I watched, says, “The idea is to bring virtual healthcare workers together—we are digesting the operating theatre and bringing it to people around the world.”
Welcome to another unexpected story arising from Covid-19. Hachach-Haram first proposed the idea of doing virtual surgery a decade ago. Like many doctors in the west, she did volunteer medical work in war-torn regions of the world and became frustrated by the lack of access to surgeons there. To correct this, in 2016 she founded Proximie as a training tool. However, in those early days, she said she faced an uphill battle persuading other doctors to embrace the idea: most had been trained to believe that “proper surgery involved proximity to the patient”. The roadblock “was a cultural issue as much as an issue of technology”, she tells me.
This reflects a bigger pattern that has benefited many telemedicine start-ups. “Covid-19 caused a rapid increase in virtual healthcare use,” says a recent report from consultancy McKinsey, who predicts this level of growth will decline when lockdown ends, but says telemedicine “is expected to stabilize at higher than pre-pandemic levels and continue growing”. To put it another way now that the cultural resistance to virtual medicine has been broken down, we are unlikely to forget this lesson. “Zoom surgery” is likely to remain a feature of modern medicine.
This might just be a lucky accident. Or maybe not: a similar pattern has played out in pockets of finance too. In 2007, a telecoms company in Kenya launched M-Pesa, a mobile payment system, to get around the lack of established banking infrastructure in Africa. The concept, which was embraced in Kenya, faced cultural resistance in the West but would come to be eventually adopted later. When historians look beck at the Covid-19 era, they may not just conclude that it changed how we work but that it also accelerate the movement of skills, ideas and money. Those videos of “Zoom Surgery” are one tiny symbol of a new type of globalization.
1. When conducting a “Zoom surgery” doctors ________.| A．gather around the patient | B．hold an online meeting beforehand |
| C．work in different locations at the same time | D．do the operation with the assistance of robots |
| A．The only challenge it faced was the cultural resistance from doctors. |
| B．It originated from a traditional idea. |
| C．Travel bans during the Covid-19 lockdowns blocked its development. |
| D．It is a platform for sharing expertise and conducting online procedures. |
| A．Western people are resistant to change. |
| B．Smart ideas were usually initiated in the west. |
| C．People in less developed regions need more help. |
| D．A new idea was first developed in poorer regions. |
| A．The rise of virtual surgery | B．Globalized augmented reality |
| C．Medical care after the pandemic | D．Telemedicine changed how we work |
3 . Everybody should have some first aid techniques,because accidents and medical emergencies can happen anywhere at any time and in such an urgent situation lives can be saved. St. John First Aid courses give you the knowledge and confidence to provide effective first aid whenever it is needed.
First Aid Level 1
Ideal for anyone who wants to learn basic first aid or needs to renew their first aid qualification (资格). Courses can be held at St. John or your workplace.
Fee: $162 (includes GST)
Duration: eight hours
First Aid Level 2
Includes all course content from First Aid Level 1,plus an additional half day. Ideal for special first aiders,health and safety managers and anyone who needs a first aid qualification.
Fee: $235 (includes GST)
Duration: twelve hours
Pre-Hospital Emergency Care (PHEC)
Advanced training for first aiders who already hold unit standards 6400 and 6402. Ideal for people who require advanced first aid skills or a pre-hospital emergency care qualification for their work.
Fee: $635 (includes GST)
Duration: three days
Child First Aid
Ideal for parents,grandparents and other family caregivers.A recognized qualification for childcare workers.
Fee: $65 (includes GST)
Duration: four hours
Outdoor First Aid
First aid response to accidents and medical emergencies in the wilderness. For groups of eight or more.
Duration: one to two days depending on experience
Sports First Aid
First aid response to common sports injuries and medical emergencies. Includes ACC injury prevention advice.
Fee: $65 (includes GST)(If you are a trainer, you can get a 20% discount.)
Duration: eight hours
1. If you are going to camp,which course should you choose in advance?| A．Child First Aid. | B．Sports First Aid. |
| C．First Aid Level 1. | D．Outdoor First Aid. |
| A．$162 | B．$78 | C．$65 | D．$52 |
| A．First aid in childcare. | B．Basic emergency care. |
| C．Advanced first aid skills. | D．Injury prevention methods. |
4 . Despite living beyond 80s, “super-agers” have the physical ability and cognitive (认知的) function of people much younger, which has long been puzzling scientists. But researchers may have discovered why super-agers are able to stay so mentally sharp: the neurons (神经元) in their entorhinal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for storing memories, are much larger than those of their average peers. Furthermore, these neurons show no sign of tau tangles (蛋白病), which limit the communication between neurons and are alarming signs of Alzheimer’s disease. “To understand how and why people may be resistant to developing Alzheimer’s disease, it’s important to closely investigate the brains of super-agers,” said lead researcher Tamar Gefen, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at Northwestern University. To make the discovery, the researchers examined the brains of six super-agers, seven cognitively average elderly individuals, six young individuals and five individuals in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
“The remarkable observation that super-agers showed larger neurons than their younger peers may imply that large cells were present from birth and are maintained structurally throughout their lives. We conclude that larger neurons are a biological signature of the super-ageing.”
The researchers concentrated their studies on the entorhinal cortex as it’s one of the first locations to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease. The neurons that form this part were found to be bigger in super-agers than in all of the other groups in the study, even those who were 20 to 30years younger. They were also found to be free from tau tangles.
“In this study, we show that in Alzheimer’s disease, neuronal shrinking in the entorhinal cortex appears to be a characteristic marker of the disease,” Ge fen said.
“We suspect this process is a function of tau tangle formation in the affected cells leading to poor memory abilities in older age. Identifying this contributing factor-and every contributing factor-is crucial to the early identification of Alzheimer’s, monitoring its course and guiding treatment.”
The researchers are now planning further studies to try and figure out why super-agers have such larger neurons.
1. What do researchers find about “super-agers”?| A．They have weak cognitive ability. |
| B．They are likely to suffer Alzheimer’s neurons. |
| C．Tau tangles can be commonly found in their brains. |
| D．Some of their brain neurons are larger than their peers’. |
| A．By observing the function of neuron formation. |
| B．By limiting the communication between neurons. |
| C．By examining the brains of multiple groups of people. |
| D．By tracking the large cells in super-agers’ brains from birth. |
| A．Adapting. | B．Becoming smaller. |
| C．Expanding. | D．Growing flexible. |
| A．Why super-agers are free from tau tangles. |
| B．What are typical signs of Alzheimer’s disease. |
| C．Which part of the brain is in charge of memory storage. |
| D．Whether large neurons are connected with super-ageing. |
5 . Dr. Ofri’s new book, “Singular Intimacies: Becoming a Doctor at Bellevue,” recounts her experiences as a doctor at New York’s Bellevue Hospital. NPR’s Melissa Block, host of All Things Considered, recently spent a day at the hospital to get a sense of her world, through her relationships with her patients.
Dr. Danielle Ofri is an attending physician in internal medicine at Bellevue. For her, poetry and literature are as much a part of the job as X-rays and pills. She’s written about her experiences there in the book, Singular Intimacies: Becoming a Doctor at Bellewe. It’s a collection of essays about learning to listen to the narrative of her patients.
Dr. Ofri tries to keep an ear turned to the stories behind her patients’ medical complaints. Answers to questions about family or jobs may not help with medical diagnosis, but conversations like these can help gain a patient’s trust, and they help the doctor, too. “At night, I recall our conversations, and wonder what else I could do for them. It makes me curious about them,” Dr. Ofri says, “so when I go back the next day, I’m more connected with them. And I think a connection has healing powers. Most of the patients brighten, when they talk about themselves and I think they actually feel better.”
A good part of Dr. Ofri’s day is also spent overseeing the work of new doctors. The days are filled with jargon (行业术语) and medical shorthand. But Dr. Ofri also tries to inject another kind of language into the training poetry. She carves out five minutes or so each day to gather with her interns and read a poem. She calls it her “literary rounds”. Through these brief pauses in the day, she says she’s giving her students “a chance to let the other part of their brain flower a little bit”. “I’m just hoping the experience of doing that is helpful, and also trains my students to listen more carefully to patients.” she said.
1. Why did Melissa Block recently go to Bellevue Hospital?| A．To make friends with Dr. Ofri. | B．To receive medical treatment. |
| C．To know about Dr. Ofri’s experiences. | D．To collect essays on treatment. |
| A．The stories behind illnesses. | B．The effect of family and jobs. |
| C．The benefits of listening to patients. | D．The healing powers of conversations. |
| A．Cut. | B．Change. | C．Accept. | D．Add. |
| A．To encourage them to write books. | B．To improve their humanistic quality. |
| C．To prepare an entire career for them. | D．To make their brain grow and flower. |
| A．In a gas station. | B．In a clinic. | C．In an interview room. |
| A．In a gas station. | B．In a clinic. | C．In an interview room. |
| A．His health condition. | B．His family illnesses. | C．His medication history. |
9 . Guidelines on How to Use AED
An automated external defibrillator (AED)is a device that is strongly recommended to use in time to analyze the heart rhythm, provide electric shock when necessary and save life when SCA (Sudden Cardiac Ares) patient is discovered whose heart unexpectedly stops beating without any warning.
1. Check the patient’s condition, call for help and look for an AED:
If a person collapses in your presence, he or she has likely experience shock or fainting due to SCA, consistently pulseless, unresponsive and not breathing. Then call for medical help immediately and let the patient lie flat on the ground and ask someone nearly to get an AED. Place the AED net to the victim’s left ear, switch on the power and quickly check if the machine and accessories are working property. Voice instructions will sound.
2. Attaching the AED pads
Attach the AED pads to the designated locations of the victim’s bare chest following the animation and voice prompts. The rule of anterolateral AED pad placement for adults: the right pad is placed on the upper right side of the chest, while the left pad is on the lower let side, 7cm below the left armpit. For children under 8, the anterior pad should be placed lo the middle point of the line connecting the two nipples, and the posterior pad on the opposite side of the back.
3. Analysis of the heart rhythm
Insert the electrode pads wires into the AED host device. Press the “Analyse” key and it will automatically analyze the patient’s heart rate to determine the necessity of an electric shock. Never touch the victim during this process. Even a slight touch can affect the analysis. Upon completing the analysis (S-15 seconds). AED will recommend whether to perform defibrillation.
4. Delivering a shock
If an AED shock is required, then a fully automatic APD will ask you to step back and deliver the electric shock automatically. In the case of a semi-automatic AED device, you need to press a button to deliver the shock. If the effective heart rhythm is not restored, the operator should conduct CPR (心肺复苏), and then analyze the heart rhythm again. Repeat until emergency medical personnel arrive.
1. The automated external defibrillator (AED)is not primarily used to________.| A．analyze the heart rhythm | B．provide electric shock |
| C．save the victim’s life | D．monitor heart disease |
| A．Run for help and wait far emergency personnel to arrive. |
| B．Perform CPR and use an AED to shock the person’s heart |
| C．Call for help and try to rescue the victim with the assistance of an AED. |
| D．Move the person to a safe location and seek medical assistance. |
| A．By following the voice prompts and animations provided by the ARD device. |
| B．By sticking the pads to the designated locations of the victim’s chest on the coat. |
| C．On the upper left side of the chest, directly over the heart. |
| D．On the left and right sides of the chest,7cm below the armpits. |
| A．Press a button on the AED to deliver the analysis. |
| B．Step back and let the fully automatic AED deliver the shock |
| C．Perform CPR until the victim’s heart starts beating again. |
| D．Seek help from emergency medical personnel. |
| A．A heart attack that occurs without warning. |
| B．A heart attack that is preceded or other symptoms. |
| C．A heart attack that only affects people with heart disease. |
| D．A heart attack that always makes the victim dangerous. |
10 . In the late 1930s, people could donate blood, but very few hospitals could store it for later use. Whole blood breaks down quickly, and there were no methods at the time for safely preserving it. As a result, hospitals often did not have the appropriate blood type when patients needed it. Charles Drew, a Black surgeon and researcher, helped solve this monumental problem for medicine, earning him the title “Father of the Blood Bank”.
In 1938, while obtaining his doctorate in medicine, Drew became a fellow at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital in New York. He studied the storage and distribution of blood, including the separation of its components, and applied his findings to an experimental blood bank at the hospital.
As Drew was finishing his degree at Columbia, World War Ⅱ was erupting in Europe. Great Britain was asking the United States for desperately needed plasma (血浆) to help victims. Given his expertise, Drew was selected to be the medical director for the Blood for Britain campaign. Using Presbyterian Hospital’s blood bank as a model, Drew established uniform procedures for collecting blood and processing blood plasma from nine New York hospitals, thus making the hospitals’ standards all the same. The five-month campaign collected donations from 15,000 Americans and was considered a success. His discoveries and his leadership saved countless lives.
With the increasing likelihood that the nation would be drawn into war, the United States wanted to capitalize on what Drew had learned from the campaign. The government appointed him as the assistant director of a three-month pilot program to mass-produce dried plasma in New York, which became the model for the first Red Cross blood bank. His innovations for this program included mobile blood donation stations, later called bloodmobiles.
1. What problem did hospitals face in the late 1930s regarding blood donations?| A．The shortage of blood donors. | B．The inability to preserve blood. |
| C．The challenge of blood infection. | D．The failure to identify blood types. |
| A．Legal. | B．Varied. | C．Acceptable. | D．Identical. |
| A．He aided in producing the dried plasma in quantities. |
| B．He established the first Red Cross blood bank. |
| C．He reduced the possibility of the war. |
| D．He made bloodmobiles easy to access to donors. |
| A．The Life of Dr. Charles Drew | B．The Inventor of the Blood Bank |
| C．A Savior of Lives During Wartime | D．A Pioneer in Blood Transportation |
