1 . The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.
CAUSES OF BURNSYou can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation, the sun,electricity, acids, or other chemicals.
TYPES OF BURNSBurns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.
• First-degree burns These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents.• Second-degree burns These go below the top layer of the skin. They are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.
• Third-degree burns These affect every layer of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under it.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or petrol fires. These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS
First-degree burns
• dry, red, and mildly swollen
• mildly painful
• turn white when pressed
Second-degree burns
• red and swollen; blisters; watery surface
• extremely painful
Third-degree burns
• black and white
• swollen; the tissue underneath can often be seen
• little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be painful around the edges of the burn
FIRST-AID TREATMENT
1. Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.
2. Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.
3. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
4. Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
5. If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can still breathe.
6. If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.
1. 阅读文章，完成以下语篇结构
2. Which kind of burns is usually considered to be caused by hot liquids?
| A．First-degree burns. | B．Second-degree burns. |
| C．Third-degree burns. | D．Not mentioned. |
| A．Dry, red and mildly swollen. | B．Black, white and mildly painful. |
| C．Red and swollen with watery surface. | D．Black, swollen and extremely painful. |
| A．Applying oil to the burns. | B．Cooling burns immediately. |
| C．Drying the burned area gently. | D．Removing clothing if necessary. |
___heart attack ___drowning __sprained ankle ___poisoning ___bad cut/bleeding |
Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant, Zhang Tao, was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back.
Chen wasted no time. He got up and ran to Zhang’s table at once. With the help of Zhang’s friends, he was able to help Zhang to his feet. Then, standing behind Zhang, Chen did the Heimlich manoeuvre. The food was instantly forced out, and Zhang began to breathe again. Ten minutes later, an ambulance arrived. The doctors checked Zhang and made sure that he was fine. They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left.
Choking victims usually have only about four minutes before they collapse and sometimes die, leaving no time for an ambulance to arrive. To solve this problem, in 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world. Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre is quick, practical, and easy. It is so easy, in fact, that almost anyone can learn how.
If you see someone choking, first call the emergency services. Then, make sure that the victim is really choking: A choking person cannot speak. Slapping the victim’s back will often force out the obstruction. If this does not work, you can perform the Heimlich manoeuvre by standing behind him and wrapping your arms around his waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the upper part of his stomach. Grabbing your fist with your other hand tightly, push up and into his stomach in one motion. Continue doing this until the obstruction is forced out.
Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre on a small child is not recommended, as you may hurt him. Instead, lay the child face down on your lap with the head lower than the rest of his body, and then give firm slaps to his upper back until he can breathe again.
With choking victims, every minute counts. You cannot just stand by and do nothing. Luckily, Chen had learnt how to give first aid in school. Seeing Zhang choking, he remained calm and reacted immediately. Chen later said about the incident, “How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing? We are all humans and we all have a responsibility to look after one another’s welfare.”
1. Chen Wei was a friend/complete stranger to Zhang Tao.2. When Chen Wei reached Zhang Tao, Zhang Tao was sitting on the chair/standing.
3. The Heimlich manoeuvre is quite easy/difficult to do.
4. You will know that the victim is choking if he cannot speak/stops breathing.
5. To help a small child who is choking, you need to lay the child face up/down on your lap and slap his upper back.
6. Chen Wei was able to save Zhang Tao because he learnt the Heimlich manoeuvre at school/from a first-aid manual.
4 . 用下面的单词完成这篇关于医学的短文。
infection, multiple, decrease, severe, transform, proof, blame, substantial |
British scientists believe they may have found a way to fight the common cold. It blocks a key protein in the body’s cells that is to
Cold-causing virus are not only of
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) isn’t
China has been making every effort
The inclusion of TCM in the ICD is a mainstream acceptance that will have great influence around the world.TCM has seen some
The skin, the largest organ of our body, is an essential part.
Penicillin (青霉素) is widely considered
Fleming,
For more than 10 years, Fleming had been researching penicillin and trying to make
8 . When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription (处方). It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo.
A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen?
The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The doctor will heal the body for us if we let it. But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better.
Placebos do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all.
A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects, it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it.
The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo.
1. What do we know about placebo according to the passage?| A．It won’t function if you are negative about medicine. |
| B．It contains some sort of medicine. |
| C．People who don’t believe placebo can’t be healed by it. |
| D．Patients and doctors know clearly how it helps to heal the body. |
| A．The patient needs help badly. | B．The patient believes in the doctor. |
| C．The doctor knows better about your body. | D．The doctor has carefully studied medicine. |
| A．The placebo. | B．The bad effect. |
| C．The body. | D．The medicine. |
| A．Placebo: Work on Your Mind | B．Placebo: The Most Powerful Medicine |
| C．Placebo: The Best Doctor | D．Placebo: Heal Your Body |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（^），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意： 1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
I`m so sorry to hear that you have been suffering from sleepless for a long time. To help your recover soon, I'd like to advise you to turn to traditional Chinese medicine.
As is known to us all, traditional Chinese medicine is practical but effective when using to treat some diseases. Compared with the high cost of western medicine, it has a reasonable price, so you don't need to be worried your budget. Additional, unlike western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has more side effects. In the consequence, if you agree, I'd like to recommend a doctor to you, which I'm sure will offer you an ideal treatment. Please don't hesitate to ask me for help whenever you think it's necessary. I hope you would have a speedy recovery soon.
10 . Last week when I was reading at home, my younger sister rushed in and told me an old man was lying on the ground in front of our building. I immediately took my first-aid kit and ran downstairs. He was suffering a slight heart attack. And I performed CPR on him. Luckily, an ambulance came soon and he was taken to hospital. Later that day I was told by the hospital what I did helped rescue the old man’s life. I was happy to hear that.
You can gain the knowledge, skills and confidence to act in an emergency. You never know when you might need them—you could be at home, at work, at school or on holiday. If you have the skills, you can act whenever you’re needed.
You can stay safe at work.
It’s helpful to your future career. The first-hand experience you gain through learning first aid and using your skills could help you decide if you want to pursue a career in the health profession.
| A．However at the same time I felt a bit sad. |
| B．I received a phone call from the hospital. |
| C．You can be a resource for your community. |
| D．Illness and injury can happen anywhere, anytime. |
| E．You can take first-aid courses in your community for free. |
| F．I think everyone should learn at least some basic first-aid techniques, which can be very important. |
| G．It also shows your commitment to a career in the health profession when it comes to applying for jobs. |
